ABSTRACT
In connection with actuality of smallpox vaccination at present its methods and means are discussed to increase the safety of the first immunization with live vaccines.
Subject(s)
Bioterrorism , Immunization Programs/standards , Smallpox Vaccine , Smallpox/prevention & control , Vaccination/standards , Vaccinia/prevention & control , Humans , Smallpox/virology , Smallpox Vaccine/adverse effects , Vaccinia/etiologyABSTRACT
The use of immunomodulators in the treatment of subjects with postvaccinal reactions to TEOVac was investigated. The most effective schemes were shown to be those with the use of viferon or combination of arbidol and licopide. The terms of the response signs cupping off were much shorter vs. the cases treated with polyoxidonium. The immunomodulating factors did not affect the intensity of the immunity to the vaccine virus.
Subject(s)
Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine/analogs & derivatives , Immunologic Factors/pharmacology , Indoles/pharmacology , Interferon-alpha/pharmacology , Smallpox Vaccine/adverse effects , Tonsillitis , Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine/pharmacology , Drug Therapy, Combination , Humans , Immunization/adverse effects , Interferon alpha-2 , Piperazines/pharmacology , Polymers/pharmacology , Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology , Smallpox Vaccine/administration & dosage , Smallpox Vaccine/immunology , Tonsillitis/drug therapy , Tonsillitis/etiology , Vaccinia virus/immunologyABSTRACT
The experiments on guinea pigs showed that arbidol administered orally in a single dose 24 hours prior vaccination with TEOVAC and ridostin administered in a single dose intranasally on the 4th day after the vaccination lowered the vaccine virus accumulation in the animal organs and tissue without any effect on the vaccine immunogeneity. The results are someway indicative of the possible use of the interferon inductors for prevention of postvaccinal reactions to TEOVAC.
Subject(s)
Indoles/administration & dosage , Interferon Inducers/administration & dosage , RNA, Double-Stranded/administration & dosage , RNA, Fungal/administration & dosage , Smallpox Vaccine/adverse effects , Vaccination/adverse effects , Administration, Intranasal , Administration, Oral , Animals , Disease Models, Animal , Drug Administration Schedule , Guinea Pigs , Humans , Indoles/immunology , Smallpox Vaccine/administration & dosage , Smallpox Vaccine/immunology , Vaccinia virus/immunologyABSTRACT
Clinical trials of tabletted pox vaccine revealed development of tonsillitis as a postvaccinal reaction in some volunteers: ulceronecrotic lesions in the tonsils, lymphadenitis, hyperthermia and asthenia. The main cause of the local inflammatory reactions was activation of the host opportunistic microflora including hemolytic streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus. For the treatment of the infectious complications systemic antimicrobials, such as benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, cefazolin and fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin) in combination with the symptomatic therapy were used. The treatment course of 9 days provided complete elimination of the postvaccinal reactions, the specific antibody generation being not affected.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Smallpox Vaccine/adverse effects , Tonsillitis/drug therapy , Ulcer/drug therapy , Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Humans , Necrosis/drug therapy , Necrosis/etiology , Palatine Tonsil/drug effects , Palatine Tonsil/pathology , Smallpox Vaccine/immunology , Tonsillitis/etiology , Tonsillitis/pathology , Ulcer/etiology , Vaccinia virus/immunologyABSTRACT
Results of comparative studies of tableted and epicutaneous live smallpox vaccines are presented. In experiments on rabbits by using histological, immunofluorescent, immunological and virological methods, higher safety and efficiency of the tableted vaccine than that of traditional smallpox epicutaneous vaccine were determined. The natural and physiological character of oral immunization was shown. The oral immunization was concluded to be a safe method of inoculation now and perspective for the use of recombinant vaccines based on vaccine virus in the absence of population immunity against smallpox.
Subject(s)
Smallpox Vaccine/administration & dosage , Smallpox/prevention & control , Vaccination/methods , Vaccinia virus/immunology , Administration, Cutaneous , Administration, Oral , Animals , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Rabbits , Smallpox/pathology , Smallpox/virology , Tablets , Vaccinia virus/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
Oral and dermal administrations of vaccinia virus into rabbits, guinea pigs, and monkeys demonstrated a milder (without homeostasis disturbance) course of the vaccinal process with oral immunization, intensive immunity forming in minimal sensitization of the body was compared with dermal one. The results of revaccination in adults with oral smallpox vaccine and primary immunization in Ethiopia showed that oral immunization with vaccinia virus was safe, effective and lowly reactogenic. The comparative study of the preparation in remote revaccination (5 or more years later) proved its advantage over dermal vaccine. It consists in ecological safety (vaccinia virus excretion into the environment during 1 and 11 days, respectively, by 10-fold concentration reduction), reactogenicity (5 and 33% of common reactions, respectively) in the same immunogenicity.
