Retrospective Review of Outcomes in Non-Invasive Mucinous Appendiceal Neoplasms with and without Peritoneal Spread: A Cohort Study.

Patients treated surgically for local non-invasive mucinous appendiceal neoplasm (NI-MAN) may recur with the development of peritoneal dissemination (PD). The risk of recurrence and predictive factors are not well studied. Patients with NI-MAN, with or without peritoneal dissemination at presentation, were included. Patients with limited disease underwent surgical resection only. Patients with peritoneal dissemination underwent cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with or without hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). Patients without PD (nPD) were compared to those who presented with PD. Thirty-nine patients were included, 25 in nPD and 14 in PD. LAMN was diagnosed in 96% and 93% of patients in nPD and PD, respectively. Acellular mucin on the peritoneal surface was seen in 16% of nPD patients vs. 50% of PD patients (p = 0.019). Two (8%) patients in the nPD group who had LAMN without wall rupture recurred, at 57 and 68 months, with a PCI of 9 and 22. The recurrence rate in the PD group was 36%. All recurred patients underwent CRS+HIPEC. A peritoneal recurrence is possible in NI-MANs confined to the appendix even with an intact wall at initial diagnosis. The peritoneal disease may occur with significant delay, which is longer than a conventional follow-up.

Training Surgical Residents to Communicate with Their Patients: A Scoping Review of the Literature.

OBJECTIVE: Effective communication is critical in surgical practice and the Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education requires a focus on interpersonal and communication skills. Absent a national communication skills curriculum for surgical residents, individual programs have designed and implemented their own curricula. This scoping review explores communication training in North American surgical residency programs. DESIGN: The review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, and included articles identified through searches of 6 publication databases conducted on June 25, 2019 and updated on April 2, 2020. Eligible studies described patient or family communication skills education for surgical residents in North America. Published abstracts were excluded. Article abstracts were screened by 2 reviewers. For articles meeting criteria, data on study setting, participants, curriculum design, educational techniques, and skills focus were extracted and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 2724 articles were identified after removing duplicates; 84 articles were reviewed in full text. Thirty-three met study criteria including 4 from 2006 to 2009 and 29 after 2010. The most common skills education focused on breaking bad news, followed by a range of topics, such as empathy, end of life and/or palliative care discussions, medical error disclosure, shared decision making, and informed consent. Some of the training was part of larger curriculum including team training or professionalism. Over half of the studies involved general surgery learners. The most common form of education included didactics followed by practice with peers or simulated patients. Only half of the programs described curricula involving multiple training sessions which is important for ongoing development and skill reinforcement. CONCLUSIONS: Effective communication skills are important, necessary, and increasingly incorporated into surgical training programs. While the literature is expanding, few surgical residency programs have described communication curricula. This review serves as a guide for programs interested in developing their own communication curricula for surgical residents.

Clinical factors associated with success in applying laparoscopy in the management of small bowel obstruction at a tertiary care center.

BACKGROUND: Minimally invasive techniques have become standard approaches for many common surgical problems. However, the routine use of laparoscopy in the management of small bowel obstruction (SBO) has yet to be fully standardized. The objective of this study was to determine clinical factors associated with success of laparoscopy in managing SBO. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted by identifying all patients admitted to a large tertiary center with a diagnosis of SBO from 2014 to 2016. The operative cases were stratified by surgical approach: laparoscopy, laparoscopy converted to open, or laparotomy. Univariable analysis compared patient demographics and comorbidities between the laparoscopic and laparoscopic converted to open group. The primary outcome was successful laparoscopic procedure in the management of SBO, defined as resolution of SBO, and no conversion from laparoscopic to open procedures. Student's t test or Pearson's χ2 test were used to assess associations between factors and primary outcome. RESULTS: A total of 227 adult patients admitted with a diagnosis of SBO received operative intervention. There were 40 successful laparoscopic cases (52.6%) and 36 failed laparoscopic cases (47.4%). With the exception of an association between success of laparoscopy and BMI, the results demonstrated no other demographic or clinical differences among the successful versus failed laparoscopic groups. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopy is effective in treating SBOs due to various etiologies including single band or multiple adhesions, hernias, or masses. Other than BMI, there was no single predictor of success or failure with laparoscopy. Therefore, we conclude that perhaps all patients requiring operative treatment for SBO deserve consideration for a diagnostic laparoscopy.

Resident Operative Experience at Independent Academic Medical Centers-A Comparison to the National Cohort.

PURPOSE: Independent Academic Medical Centers (IAMCs) comprise one-third of U.S. general surgery training programs. It is unclear whether IAMCs offer qualitatively or quantitatively different operative experiences than the national cohort. We analyzed a large representative sample of IAMCs to compare operative volume and variety, with a focus on low-volume procedures. METHODS: Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Program Case Reports from 27 IAMCs were collected and analyzed for 3 academic years (2012-2015). IAMCs were compared to the national cohort for specific defined category volumes and selected low-volume cases. One-sample two-way t-tests were calculated comparing IAMC totals to national program averages. RESULTS: IAMCs had a median of 3 chief residents per year (range: 1-6). IAMCs reported significantly more "total major" procedures in 2013-2014 (p = 0.046). Other case totals were statistically similar between IAMCs and the national cohort for "total major", "surgeon chief", "surgeon junior", and "teaching assistant" cases. In 2013-2014, IAMCs reported more laparoscopic complex (138.3 vs. 110.6, p = 0.010) and alimentary tract cases (276.5 vs. 253.5, p = 0.019). IAMC esophagogastroduodenoscopy case totals were higher in 2013-2014 (55.9 vs. 41, p = 0.038) and 2014-2015 (47.8 vs. 41, p = 0.047). IAMCs had fewer pancreas cases than the national cohort in all three years by about three cases per resident (p ≤ 0.026). In 2012-2013 IAMCs reported fewer (by about one) esophagectomy, gastrectomy, and abdominal perineal resections. No differences were observed in the following selected procedures: open common bile duct exploration, inguinal hernia, laparoscopic appendectomy, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and colonoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: The IAMCs studied appear to provide equivalent exposure to specific subcategories mandated by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and American Board of Surgery. Graduates of IAMCs gain similar operative experience in low-volume, defined categories when compared to the national cohort. Certain specific cases subject to regionalization pressure are less well represented among IAMCs. This has important implications for medical students applying to surgery residency.

Interrater Reliability of Hospital Readmission Evaluations for Surgical Patients.

Value-based purchasing initiatives have helped shift attention to the accuracy of hospital readmission information at the most clinically detailed level. The purpose of this study was to determine the interrater reliability (IRR) of surgical experts in assessing surgical inpatient readmissions for categorical causes, relation to index procedure, and potential preventability. Cases were selected from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program local database. Of 1840 cases, 156 patients (8.5%) were readmitted within 30 days of the procedure. Surgical site infection was the most common readmission cause (32%), followed by obstruction or ileus (17%). IRR was moderate for readmission cause (60% agreement, κ = 0.51), substantial for readmission in relation to surgical procedure (92%, κ = 0.70), and lowest for potential preventability of readmissions (57%, κ = 0.18). Results suggest that readmission cause and relation to surgical procedure can be determined with moderate to high degree of IRR, while preventability of readmissions may require stricter definitions to improve IRR.

Factors and Influences That Determine the Choices of Surgery Residency Applicants.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate characteristics of residency applicants selected to interview at independent general surgery programs, identify residency information resources, assess if there is perceived bias toward university or independent programs, and determine what types of programs applicants prefer. STUDY DESIGN: An electronic survey was sent to applicants who were selected to interview at a participating independent program. Open-ended responses regarding reasons for program-type bias were submitted. Multivariable logistic regression models were estimated to identify applicant characteristics associated with program-type preference. SETTING: Independent general surgery residency programs. PARTICIPANTS: A total, of 1220 applicants were selected to interview at one of 33 independent programs. RESULTS: In total, 670 surveys were completed (55% response rate). Demographics of respondents were similar to the full invited population. Median United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 and Step 2 scores were between 230 to 239 and 240 to 249, respectively. Most applicants reported receiving general information about surgery residency programs and specific information about independent programs from residency program websites. 34% of respondents perceived an imbalanced representation of program types, with 96% of those reporting bias toward university programs. CONCLUSIONS: Applicants selected to interview at independent programs are competitive for general surgery training and primarily use residency program websites for information gathering. Bias is common toward university programs for a variety of perceived reasons. This information will be useful in applicant evaluation and selection, serve as a stimulus to update program websites, and challenge independent program directors to work to alleviate bias against their programs.

Applicant Characteristics Associated With Selection for Ranking at Independent Surgery Residency Programs.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated characteristics of applicants selected for interview and ranked by independent general surgery residency programs and assessed independent program application volumes, interview selection, rank list formation, and match success. DESIGN: Demographic and academic information was analyzed for 2014-2015 applicants. Applicant characteristics were compared by ranking status using univariate and multivariable statistical techniques. Characteristics independently associated with whether or not an applicant was ranked were identified using multivariable logistic regression modeling with backward stepwise variable selection and cluster-correlated robust variance estimates to account for correlations among individuals who applied to multiple programs. SETTING: The Electronic Residency Application Service was used to obtain applicant data and program match outcomes at 33 independent surgery programs. PARTICIPANTS: All applicants selected to interview at 33 participating independent general surgery residency programs were included in the study. RESULTS: Applicants were 60% male with median age of 26 years. Birthplace was well distributed. Most applicants (73%) had ≥1 academic publication. Median United States Medical Licensing Exams (USMLE) Step 1 score was 228 (interquartile range: 218-240), and median USMLE Step 2 clinical knowledge score was 241 (interquartile range: 231-250). Residency programs in some regions more often ranked applicants who attended medical school within the same region. On multivariable analysis, significant predictors of ranking by an independent residency program were: USMLE scores, medical school region, and birth region. Independent programs received an average of 764 applications (range: 307-1704). On average, 12% interviews, and 81% of interviewed applicants were ranked. Most programs (84%) matched at least 1 applicant ranked in their top 10. CONCLUSIONS: Participating independent programs attract a large volume of applicants and have high standards in the selection process. This information can be used by surgery residency applicants to gauge their candidacy at independent programs. Independent programs offer a select number of interviews, rank most applicants that they interview, and successfully match competitive applicants.

An Evidence-Based Medicine Curriculum Improves General Surgery Residents' Standardized Test Scores in Research and Statistics.

BACKGROUND: The application of evidence-based medicine to patient care requires unique skills of the physician. Advancing residents' abilities to accurately evaluate the quality of evidence is built on understanding of fundamental research concepts. The American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination (ABSITE) provides a relevant measure of surgical residents' knowledge of research design and statistics. OBJECTIVE: We implemented a research education curriculum in an independent academic medical center general residency program, and assessed the effect on ABSITE scores. METHODS: The curriculum consisted of five 1-hour monthly research and statistics lectures. The lectures were presented before the 2012 and 2013 examinations. Forty residents completing ABSITE examinations from 2007 to 2013 were included in the study. Two investigators independently identified research-related item topics from examination summary reports. Correct and incorrect responses were compared precurriculum and postcurriculum. Regression models were calculated to estimate improvement in postcurriculum scores, adjusted for individuals' scores over time and postgraduate year level. RESULTS: Residents demonstrated significant improvement in postcurriculum examination scores for research and statistics items. Correct responses increased 27% (P < .001). Residents were 5 times more likely to achieve a perfect score on research and statistics items postcurriculum (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Residents at all levels demonstrated improved research and statistics scores after receiving the curriculum. Because the ABSITE includes a wide spectrum of research topics, sustained improvements suggest a genuine level of understanding that will promote lifelong evaluation and clinical application of the surgical literature.

A comparison of flexion and extension radiographs with computed tomography of the cervical spine in blunt trauma.

The purpose of this study was to compare flexion and extension (F/E) cervical radiographs with CT of the cervical spine in patients sustaining blunt trauma for the evaluation of ligamentous injury. A retrospective chart review of 2 years duration at an American College of Surgeons-verified Level I trauma center was performed. All patients sustaining blunt trauma who were evaluated with both a CT as well as F/E radiographs were identified. Exclusion criteria included penetrating injuries, neurologic symptoms, and age younger than 18 years. Follow-up MRI of each positive F/E radiograph after a negative CT scan was performed. Flexion and extension cervical radiographs were obtained in 379 patients after CT. Eight positive F/E radiographs were obtained after a negative CT scan. Follow-up MRI was negative for ligamentous injury in all cases. No cases of a clinically relevant positive F/E radiograph after a negative CT scan were identified. Follow-up F/E radiographs are not efficacious when a negative CT has been performed in blunt trauma without neurologic findings.

Splenic embolization for splenic laceration in a patient with mononucleosis.

Splenomegaly is a sequela of infectious mononucleosis. The potential for traumatic rupture of an enlarged spleen is well recognized. Recently, splenic artery embolization has gained popularity for the treatment of splenic injury. However, embolization has not been described for splenic injury in an enlarged spleen secondary to mononucleosis. We report the case of a 15-year-old girl who was the restrained passenger in a motor vehicle crash. On examination at an American College of Surgeons-verified Level 1 trauma center, the patient was found to have abdominal pain. A focused assessment with sonography for trauma examination revealed fluid in Morison's pouch. A subsequent spiral CT scan with intravenous contrast revealed a markedly enlarged spleen with a shattered upper pole. The patient denied symptoms of mononucleosis; however, a spot mononucleosis test was positive. The patient was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit for observation. She remained hemodynamically stable, but her initial hemoglobin of 9.2 g/dL fell to 7.1 g/dL 6 hours later. Splenic artery embolization was performed and the upper pole of the spleen was selectively embolized. The hemoglobin remained stable and the patient was transferred to the pediatric ward. On postembolization day five, the patient was dismissed with a hemoglobin of 9.7 g/dL. This case demonstrates that splenic embolization is a viable alternative to operative treatment even in the presence of splenomegaly secondary to mononucleosis.

Bullet embolus to the heart after gunshot wound to the neck: a case report.

A 43-year-old woman presented with gunshot wounds to the neck, chest, and left thigh. Computed tomography of the neck and chest with intravenous contrast revealed a left common carotid pseudoaneurysm and a foreign body in the right atrium. Preoperative chest x-ray and CT scan confirmed a metallic foreign body in the right heart. At median sternotomy, the intracardiac foreign body could not be located using fluoroscopy. The foreign body (bullet) was subsequently removed in the cardiac catheterization laboratory using a percutaneous transvenous basket extraction through a right femoral vein cutdown.

A comparison of corrected serum calcium levels to ionized calcium levels among critically ill surgical patients.

BACKGROUND: Aberrations in calcium homeostasis are common in critically ill patients. The proper method to evaluate this issue in surgical patients has not been completely defined. METHODS: Medical records of patients admitted to a university-affiliated, tertiary-care surgical intensive care unit were retrospectively reviewed. Calcium status was evaluated by ionized levels and as a function of serum calcium levels corrected for albumin aberrations. RESULTS: Corrected serum calcium values failed to accurately classify calcium status in 38% of cases. The sensitivity and specificity of the corrected serum calcium formula to evaluate hypocalcemia were 53% and 85%, respectively. Corrected serum values underestimated the prevalence of hypocalcemia and overestimated the prevalence of normocalcemia. No factors were able to discern which patients could be evaluated by corrected serum calcium levels. CONCLUSIONS: Calcium homeostasis should be evaluated by ionized calcium levels rather than as a function of serum calcium and albumin levels.

Blunt abdominal trauma with ruptured 16-week cornual ectopic pregnancy.

Trauma is the leading cause of nonobstetric morbidity and mortality in pregnancy. Care of the pregnant trauma patient is well documented in the medical literature; however, little has been written about the management of trauma patients with ectopic or cornual pregnancy. Herein, we report the previously undocumented occurrence of a traumatic rupture of a cornual ectopic pregnancy. The use of trauma ultrasound, computerized tomography, as well as obstetrical evaluation prevented an imminent life-threatening complication of this patient's pregnancy.

Surgeon-performed ultrasound for pneumothorax in the trauma suite.

BACKGROUND: Surgeon-performed ultrasound has become ubiquitous in the trauma suite. Initial reports suggest that sonography may be used for the detection of pneumothorax. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of sonography to rule out the presence of a pneumothorax in the trauma population. METHODS: A prospective analysis of 328 consecutive trauma patients at an American College of Surgeons-verified Level I trauma center was undertaken. Thoracic ultrasound was performed before chest radiography. The presence or absence of a "sliding-lung" sign or "comet-tail" artifact was recorded. RESULTS: Of 328 evaluations, there were 312 true-negatives, 12 true-positives, 1 false-negative, 1 false-positive, and 2 exclusions. Specificity, negative predictive value, and accuracy were 99.7%, 99.7%, and 99.4%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound is a reliable modality for the diagnosis of pneumothorax in the injured patient. This modality may serve as an adjunct or precursor to routine chest radiography in the evaluation of injured patients.