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Objective: To evaluate the knees of individuals with renal failure who are on hemodialysis, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), comparing them with those of a group of individuals with normal renal function. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional, observational, controlled study conducted between August 2018 and February 2020. The cases consisted of 15 patients who had been on hemodialysis for ≥ 5 years and did not have a quadriceps tendon rupture. The controls consisted of 15 individuals with normal renal function who were matched (1:1) to the cases for sex, age, and physical activity level. The subjects in both groups underwent MRI of the right knee only. Results: The mean ages of the cases and controls were 50 ± 15 years and 49 ± 14 years, respectively. The median time on hemodialysis was 11 years (range, 10-14 years). Serum levels of parathyroid hormone, ferritin, alkaline phosphatase, phosphorus, and creatinine were higher among the cases than among the controls, whereas serum albumin and hemoglobin were lower (p < 0.05 for all). The MRI study showed a hyperintense signal in the quadriceps tendon in 11 of the cases and in three of the controls (p = 0.009). Knee joint effusion was observed in nine of the cases and in three of the controls (p < 0.05). The thickness, length, and width of the tendon did not differ between the groups. A hyperintense signal in the tendon was not associated with the time on hemodialysis; nor with the levels of intact parathyroid hormone, hemoglobin, or alkaline phosphatase. Conclusion: Patients on chronic hemodialysis, even those without a tendon rupture, show a hyperintense signal in the quadriceps tendon on MRI.
Objetivo: Avaliar joelhos de indivíduos com falência renal em hemodiálise por meio de ressonância magnética, em comparação com um grupo controle sem doença renal crônica. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo transversal, observacional, controlado, realizado entre agosto/2018 e fevereiro/2020. Os 15 casos consistiram de pacientes com cinco anos ou mais em hemodiálise, sem ruptura do tendão do quadríceps. Os 15 controles, sem doença renal crônica, foram pareados (1:1) por sexo, idade e nível de atividade física. Resultados: A média de idade dos casos foi 50 ± 15 anos e a dos controles, 49 ± 14 anos. A mediana do tempo em hemodiálise foi 11 anos (variação: 10-14 anos). Nos casos, os níveis séricos de paratormônio, ferritina, fosfatase alcalina, fósforo e creatinina estavam mais altos e os de albumina e hemoglobina, mais baixos (p < 0,05). Hipersinal no tendão foi demonstrado em 11 casos e três controles (p = 0,009). Derrame articular foi observado em nove casos e três controles (p < 0,05). A espessura, o comprimento e a largura do tendão não diferiram entre os grupos. Hipersinal no tendão do quadríceps não mostrou associação com o tempo em hemodiálise ou com os níveis de paratormônio intacto, hemoglobina e fosfatase alcalina. Conclusão: Pacientes em hemodiálise sem episódios de ruptura já apresentam hipersinal no tendão do quadríceps nas imagens de ressonância magnética.
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Objective: To compare the degree of coronary stenosis (≥ 50% luminal narrowing) determined by coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) with that determined by invasive coronary angiography (ICA), using segment-by-segment analysis. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of the records of patients who underwent CCTA and ICA between January 2014 and June 2018 at a general hospital in Brazil. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was applied, and the areas under the curve were used in order to assess the overall accuracy of the methods. Results: The degree of coronary stenosis was evaluated in a total of 844 arterial segments. The diagnostic performance of CCTA was good, with a sensitivity of 82.3%, a specificity of 96.4%, and a negative predictive value of 97.7% (95% CI: 96.5-98.5). In the segment-by-segment analysis, CCTA had excellent accuracy for the left main coronary artery and for other segments. Conclusion: In clinical practice at general hospitals, CCTA appears to have diagnostic performance comparable to that of ICA.
Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo é comparar os graus de estenose coronariana (≥ 50% de redução luminal) determinados pela tomografia computadorizada e pelo cateterismo, utilizando uma análise segmento a segmento. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo conduzido em pacientes que foram submetidos a tomografia computadorizada e a cateterismo, de janeiro de 2014 a junho de 2018, em um hospital geral. A análise da curva característica de operação do receptor foi utilizada para a análise da acurácia. Resultados: Na avaliação dos vasos, em um total de 844 segmentos, o desempenho da tomografia computadorizada foi bom, com sensibilidade de 82,3%, especificidade de 96,4% e valor preditivo negativo de 97,7% (IC 95%: 96,5-98,5). Na análise segmento a segmento, o tronco da coronária esquerda, assim como outros segmentos, apresentaram excelente acurácia. Conclusão: A tomografia computadorizada mostrou bom desempenho diagnóstico quando comparada com o cateterismo na prática diária de um hospital geral.
ABSTRACT
Quadriceps tendon tears are uncommon injuries often associated with chronic diseases, including end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The role of secondary hyperparathyroidism as a predisposing factor for tendon tears in this group of patients is well documented, and the weakening of the tendon-bone junction is part of this context. The treatment of choice for quadriceps tendon ruptures in patients with ESRD is surgery, which should be performed as soon as possible. There are several surgical techniques to be used, but the lack of comparative studies does not allow us to conclude which one is the best option. More recent publications have preferred the association of techniques, with emphasis on the use of autologous tendon grafts as a reinforcement tool, which is the author's procedure of choice. Recent studies reported the use of biological agents to stimulate healing and allografts, but the information seems preliminary to be routinely recommended. Level of evidence II; Obsevation of therapeutic studies.
As rupturas do tendão do quadríceps são lesões incomuns, frequentemente associadas a doenças crônicas, incluindo a doença renal em estágio de falência funcional. O papel do hiperparatireoidismo secundário como fator predisponente para rupturas tendinosas nesse grupo de pacientes está bem documentado, e o enfraquecimento da junção tendão-osso faz parte desse contexto. O tratamento de escolha para rupturas do tendão do quadríceps em pacientes com falência renal é a cirurgia, e deve ser realizado o mais rápido possível. Existem várias técnicas cirúrgicas a serem utilizadas, mas a falta de estudos comparativos não nos permite concluir qual é a melhor opção. Publicações mais recentes têm preferido a associação de técnicas, com destaque para o uso de enxerto tendíneo autólogo como ferramenta de reforço, procedimento de escolha do autor. Estudos recentes relatam o uso de agentes biológicos para estimular a cicatrização e aloenxertos, mas as informações parecem preliminares para serem rotineiramente recomendadas. Nível de Evidência II; Observação de estudos terapêuticos.
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PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of a paediatric radiological protection campaign, implemented in the emergency units of a healthcare provider network in Brazil. This campaign aimed to promote awareness among emergency department physicians, regarding justification of paediatric X-ray referrals for paranasal sinus, chest and CT exams, as a strategy to reduce exposure to ionising radiation. METHOD: Frequency analysis of common paediatric imaging referrals from 19 emergency departments was performed for a 3-year period (2015-2018) to coincide with before, during and after the implementation of the radiation protection campaign. The campaign was multifaceted and involved dissemination of educational materials and imaging referral guidelines along with quarterly meetings with participating centres' leaderships. Additionally, patient dose cards were distributed to patients/carers. The Chi-Square test was used to examine the association between the type of examination and the patient's age group. Exact-Fisher test was performed to check for an association between participant engagement and the existence of the radiation protection committee. RESULTS: Referrals reduced by 25% following the campaign with no reports of misdiagnosis. Many referrals in the youngest age groups. In 15 units, a radiological protection committee was created to raise awareness and to create a multi professional team to communicate the risks and benefits of radiological procedure in children. CONCLUSION: The campaign resulted in a substantial reduction in radiological referrals while promoting a radiation protection culture. Simple education initiatives can contribute to savings in both finances and radiation doses, particularly important in radiosensitive cohorts.
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Almost two decades ago, it became possible to use coronary computed tomography for the noninvasive assessment of the coronary arteries. That is an extremely accurate method for detecting or excluding coronary artery disease, even the subclinical forms. This pictorial essay aims to show the main imaging findings in 47 coronary computed tomography scans acquired at a general hospital between January 2014 and June 2018. The most common findings were atheromatous plaques (in 87%) and stents (in 34%). There were also incidental findings, not directly related to coronary artery disease, such as pulmonary nodules and aortic stenosis.
Há quase duas décadas, tornou-se possível a avaliação não invasiva das coronárias por meio da angiotomografia. Esta é bastante importante para excluir ou detectar doença arterial coronariana, mesmo que subclínica. Este ensaio tem o objetivo de mostrar os principais achados de imagem em 47 angiotomografias realizadas de janeiro de 2014 a junho de 2018 em um hospital geral. Os achados mais frequentes foram a presença de placas ateromatosas (87%) e stents (34%). Além desses, houve também achados incidentais não relacionados diretamente com doença arterial coronariana, como nódulos pulmonares e estenose aórtica.
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BACKGROUND: Influenza A (H1N1) virus often compromises the respiratory tract, leading to pneumonia, which is the principal cause of death in these patients. The purpose of this study was to review the acute and late phase pulmonary findings in influenza A(H1N1) associated pneumonia using high resolution computed tomography (HRCT), and to determine the importance of performing end expiration series. METHODS: Between July and August 2009, 140 patients presented with influenza A (H1N1) confirmed by real-timepolymerase chain reaction. Out of these, 27 patients underwent HRCT in the acute and late phases of pneumonia, allowing for a comparative study. Late phase exams were performed due to clinical worsening and up to 120 days later in patients with persistent complaints of dyspnea. RESULTS: Ground glass opacities, consolidations, and the combination of both were associated with the acute phase, whereas persistence or worsening of the lesions, lesion improvement, and air trapping in the end expiration series (as seen using HRCT, n=6) were observed in the late phase. CONCLUSIONS: In the HRCT end expiration series, air trapping was found in the late phase of H1N1 associated pneumonia. Generally, these exams are not evaluated in research articles, and air trapping has not previously been studied using the end expiration series. Our study brings more scientific knowledge about aspects of pulmonary involvement by influenza A (H1N1), through evaluation with end expiration series, which makes the CT exam dynamic, translating the respiratory movement, and showing bronchial alteration.
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OBJECTIVE: To describe the chest computed tomography (CT) findings in immunocompetent children under 36 months of age with pulmonary tuberculosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a descriptive case series conducted in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between January 2004 and July 2013, involving 20 young children who underwent CT after undergoing chest X-rays that did not provide a definitive diagnosis. RESULTS: All of the participants had lymph node enlargement and consolidations. In 15 cases (75%), the consolidations were accompanied by atelectasis. Pulmonary cavitation was seen in 10 cases (50%), and cavitation within consolidations was seen in 7 (35%). The areas of cavitation and parenchymal destruction were not seen on conventional chest X-rays. CONCLUSION: The radiological presentation of pulmonary tuberculosis in young children differs from that described in older children and adults. CT is an effective method for the early diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in immunocompetent infants, allowing the rapid institution of specific treatment, which is crucial for halting disease progression, as well as for preventing local and systemic complications.
OBJETIVO: Descrever achados radiológicos na tomografia computadorizada (TC) de tórax de crianças imunocompetentes menores de 36 meses com tuberculose pulmonar. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Esta série de casos foi desenvolvida na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, no período de janeiro de 2004 a julho de 2013, onde 20 pacientes foram submetidos a TC após a realização de radiografias de tórax que não definiram o diagnóstico. RESULTADOS: Todos os participantes tiveram linfonodomegalias e consolidações. Em 15 casos (75%) as consolidações tiveram atelectasia associada. Escavações pulmonares ocorreram em 10 casos (50%), havendo consolidações em 7 (35%). Áreas de escavação e destruição parenquimatosa em fase inicial não foram observadas nas radiografias simples. CONCLUSÃO: A apresentação radiológica de tuberculose pulmonar em lactentes não foi a mesma descrita em crianças maiores e adultos. A TC é um método aplicável para o diagnóstico precoce de tuberculose pulmonar em lactentes imunocompetentes, permitindo a rápida instituição de tratamento específico, que é crucial para interromper a progressão da doença e prevenir suas complicações locais e sistêmicas.
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OBJECTIVE: To assess changes in the articular surfaces of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and in condylar translation, as detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), determining whether such changes correlate with disc displacement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the MRI scans of 2076 TMJs of 1038 patients with symptoms of temporomandibular disorder. We attempted to determine whether articular disc deformity and changes in condylar translation, as well as changes in the articular surfaces of the condyle, glenoid fossa, and articular eminence, correlated with disc displacement. RESULTS: Disc displacement with reduction was associated with changes in the shape of the articular eminence. Disc displacement without reduction was most strongly associated with disc deformity, condylar degeneration, glenoid fossa degeneration, and effusion. Neither decreases nor increases in condylar translation were associated with disc deformity, degenerative bone changes, or disc displacement. CONCLUSION: Changes in the shape of the articular eminence seem to predispose to progression of internal derangement of the TMJ.
OBJETIVO: Verificar a correlação entre as alterações das superfícies articulares e da translação condilar com o deslocamento de disco da articulação temporomandibular. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram analisados os exames de ressonância magnética de 2076 articulações temporomandibulares de pacientes sintomáticos de desordens temporomandibulares. A deformidade do disco articular, as alterações nas superfícies articulares do côndilo, da fossa glenoide e da eminência articular e as alterações na translação condilar foram correlacionadas com o deslocamento do disco. RESULTADOS: O deslocamento do disco com redução demonstrou associação com as alterações de forma da eminência articular. O deslocamento do disco sem redução apresentou maior associação com a deformidade do disco, degeneração do côndilo e da fossa glenoide e efusão. Diminuição e aumento da translação condilar não apresentaram associação com a deformidade do disco, com alterações ósseas degenerativas, nem com o deslocamento do disco. CONCLUSÃO: Mudanças na forma da eminência articular parecem predispor à progressão do desarranjo interno da articulação temporomandibular.
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This work aimed to analyze the effective doses radiation, estimated from the dose-length product, in 4821 examinations carried out in three CT scanners (named as A, B and C) during the period of December 1st 2013 to 30th November 2014 and compare them, with 95% confidence interval, with typical values for the CT practice described in the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Report # 96 (2008). The mean values of effective doses found in the A, B and C equipments were, respectively, 1.55, 2.09 and 1.30 mSv, in head; 7.75, 9.01 and 10.45 mSv in abdomen/pelvis; and 3.87, 7.94 and 3.92 mSv in chest examinations. There were significantly different among each service, except between the A and C equipments in the chest examinations (p = 0.7148). Only the B equipment performed CT scans with effective doses above the US typical values, for head and chest examinations.
Subject(s)
Radiation Dosage , Radiometry/methods , Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed , Brazil , Female , Humans , Male , Organs at Risk , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Lymphocytic mastopathy affects both young and middle-aged women and is frequently associated with autoimmune diseases. Diagnosis is done by associating clinical (breast tissue thickening or hardened breast lump), radiological (increased breast density, presence of mass and calcifications), sonographic (nodule with posterior acoustic shadowing), histopathological (fibrosis and lymphocytic infiltrate) and immunohistochemical findings. Lymphocytic mastopathy is a benign entity that may mimic carcinoma. The authors report the case of a patient with lymphocytic mastopathy.
A mastopatia linfocítica acomete mulheres jovens e de meia idade e está frequentemente associada a doenças autoimunes. Seu diagnóstico é feito associando achados clínicos (espessamento ou nódulo mamário endurecido), radiológicos (aumento da densidade mamária, nódulo e calcificações), ultrassonográficos (nódulo com sombra acústica posterior), histopatológicos (fibrose e infiltrado linfocítico) e imuno-histoquímicos. É uma entidade benigna que pode simular carcinoma. Neste artigo, relata-se um caso de paciente com mastopatia linfocítica.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Annular subvalvular pseudoaneurysm is a rare example of left ventricle aneurysm described predominantly in young African people. These aneurysms are divided into two different types, namely, submitral or subaortic, with subaortic being the less frequent kind. The subaortic type is most often localized in the mitral-aortic intervalvular fibrosa. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a mitral-aortic intervalvular fibrosa pseudoaneurysm associated with coarctation of the aorta, anomalous pulmonary venous return, bicuspid aortic valve and patent ductus arteriosus diagnosed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 15-year-old African-American boy with a history of mild chest trauma who underwent echocardiographic evaluation as part of an out-patient work up. The echocardiogram was suspicious for the presence of mitral-aortic intervalvular fibrosa pseudoaneurysm and cardiovascular magnetic resonance was then performed to better characterize this finding. In addition to confirming the presence of the aneurysm, cardiovascular magnetic resonance also revealed coarctation of the aorta, a bicuspid aortic valve, and anomalous pulmonary venous return. CONCLUSION: In our case, cardiovascular magnetic resonance was helpful in: (a) making a definite diagnosis of mitral-aortic intervalvular fibrosa pseudoaneurysm and its borders, which was not clear with an echocardiogram examination; and (b) illustrating additional associated congenital anomalies including the anomalous pulmonary venous return.
