Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Health Personnel , Infection Control , Mass Screening , Residential Facilities , Vaccination , COVID-19/diagnosis , COVID-19/prevention & control , COVID-19 Vaccines , Carrier State/diagnosis , Carrier State/prevention & control , Humans , Incidence , Infection Control/methods , Massachusetts , SARS-CoV-2 , United States , United States Department of Veterans AffairsSubject(s)
COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage , COVID-19/epidemiology , COVID-19/prevention & control , Health Personnel/statistics & numerical data , Occupational Diseases/epidemiology , Occupational Diseases/prevention & control , 2019-nCoV Vaccine mRNA-1273 , Adult , Female , Humans , Incidence , Male , Massachusetts/epidemiology , Middle Aged , Occupational Diseases/virology , Proportional Hazards Models , Retrospective Studies , SARS-CoV-2/immunology , Survival AnalysisABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: On the basis of studies from developed countries, the case-fatality ratio (CFR) of poliomyelitis generally ranges from 2%-5% among children <5 years of age to 10%-30% among adults. However, little information is available for poliomyelitis-related CFR in developing countries. We conducted a study to determine the CFR in India, 1 of the 4 remaining countries with endemic wild poliovirus (WPV) circulation, during outbreaks of WPV infection during 2002 and 2006 and during the inter-epidemic years of 2003-2005. METHODS: We conducted a descriptive analysis with use of data from the acute flaccid paralysis surveillance system in India. Variables analyzed included age, caregiver-reported vaccination status, date of paralysis onset, laboratory results, final case classification, and survival outcome. Our analysis also accounted for surveillance changes that occurred in 2005, impacting case definitions and final classification. RESULTS: In 2006, 45 deaths occurred among 676 WPV cases in India, yielding a CFR of 6.7%. By comparison, in 2002, there were 66 deaths among 1600 reported WPV cases (CFR, 4.2%) and during 2002-2005, CFR was 1.5%-5.2%. All 45 deaths were among 644 (95%) WPV cases in children aged <5 years (CFR, 7.0%). Among those who died, 33 (73%) were children aged <2 years (CFR, 7.1%). CONCLUSIONS: The CFR among children aged <2 years in India is high compared with previously published CFRs for young children, in part because of improved case finding through enhanced surveillance techniques. Fatal cases emphasize the lethal nature of the disease and the importance of achieving polio eradication in India.
