ABSTRACT
IntroductionEpidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19. Likewise, there is some evidence that inhaled corticosteroids could also reduce its severity, opening the possibility that nicotine and inhaled steroids could be used as treatments. MethodsIn this prospective cohort study, we will link English general practice records from the QResearch database to Public Health Englands database of SARS-CoV-2 positive tests, Hospital Episode Statistics, admission to intensive care units, and death from COVID-19 to identify our outcomes: hospitalisation, ICU admission, and death due to COVID. Using Cox regression, we will perform sequential adjustment for potential confounders identified by separate directed acyclic graphs to: O_LIAssess the association between smoking and COVID-19 disease severity, and how that changes on adjustment for smoking-related comorbidity. C_LIO_LIMore closely characterise the association between smoking and severe COVID-19 disease by assessing whether the association is modified by age (as a proxy of length of smoking), gender, ethnic group, and whether people have asthma or COPD. C_LIO_LIAssess for evidence of a dose-response relation between smoking intensity and disease severity, which would help create a case for causality. C_LIO_LIExamine the association between former smokers who are using NRT or are vaping and disease severity. C_LIO_LIExamine whether pre-existing respiratory disease is associated with severe COVID-19 infection. C_LIO_LIAssess whether the association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma and COVID-19 disease severity is modified by age, gender, ethnicity, and smoking status. C_LIO_LIAssess whether the use of inhaled corticosteroids is associated with severity of COVID-19 disease. C_LIO_LITo assess whether the association between use of inhaled corticosteroids and severity of COVID-19 disease is modified by the number of other airways medications used (as a proxy for severity of condition) and whether people have asthma or COPD. C_LI ConclusionsThis representative population sample will, to our knowledge, present the first comprehensive examination of the association between smoking, nicotine use without smoking, respiratory disease, and severity of COVID-19. We will undertake several sensitivity analyses to examine the potential for bias in these associations.
