Empagliflozin: Validation of Stability-Indicating LC Method and in silico Toxicity Studies.

A new stability-indicating liquid chromatography method was developed for the quantification of empagliflozin and two synthetic impurities. The chromatographic conditions included Spherisorb® RP-18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with a PDA detector, using acetonitrile and formic acid (pH 4.0) as mobile phase in gradient elution and flow-rate of 1.2 mL·min-1. The gradient increasing from 51 to 100% acetonitrile until 11.00 min, followed by decreasing the solvent from 100% to the initial ratio from 11.01 to 15.00 min. The method was validated according to International Council of Harmonization guidelines. The LOD and LOQ values for impurities A and B were 35 and 15 ng·mL-1, respectively, (for LOD) and 115 and 35 ng.mL-1, respectively (for LOQ). The method was linear in the range of 80-140, 115-1150 and 35-350 ng·mL-1 for EMPA, impurities A and B, respectively, and the correlation coefficient were > 0.999 in all situations, indicating the method good linearity. The developed method showed a good recovery for empagliflozin and added impurities. The method has proven to be precise, demonstrated values less than 2.0% to empagliflozin and 5.0% to synthetic impurities, robust and selective with no interference from other products in the determination of analytes. The in silico toxicity prediction suggested that the impurities do not present any toxicity risk for the parameters evaluated.

Creatinine as a Urinary Marker of the Purine Derivatives Excretion in Urine Spot Samples of Lambs Fed Peach Palm Meal.

The objective was to evaluate the influence of diets on lambs using different levels of peach palm meal as a replacement for maize (0, 10, 40, 60, and 85% of diet dry matter) on the endogenous creatinine clearance (CC), urine concentration ratio of purine derivatives to creatinine (PDC index), and daily creatinine excretion (DCE) as a marker to estimate purine derivatives (PD) excretion from urinary spot samples collected at different time points (4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 h after morning feeding) compared to 24-h total urine collection. The measured parameters were voluntary intake, urinary volume, CC, DCE, the concentration of plasma creatinine, and PD and purine derivatives' excretion (PDE). Five lambs were allocated to metabolic cages and distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square. Urine collection was taken daily on days 16 to 19 of each experimental period. The inclusion of peach palm meal linearly reduced the intake of dry matter (g kg BW−0.75, p = 0.005), crude protein (g kg BW−0.75, p = 0.010), metabolizable energy (MJ kg BW−0.75, p = 0.010) and CC (p < 0.0001). It also quadratically affected the urinary volume (p = 0.008) and DCE (p = 0.004). There was a linear decrease for PDC index (p = 0.032) and PDE (p < 0.0001) measured in the 24-h total urine with peach palm meal levels. The different times of spot urine sampling did not affect (p > 0.05) the PDC index and PDE. Peach palm meal decreases the CC thereby compromising the use of a mean value of DCE as a PDE marker in spot urine samples. There is greater accuracy when using different values of DCE obtained for each diet as markers for the PDE in spot urine samples. Unconventional foodstuffs of low palatability affecting the voluntary intake of feed change the renal function.

Carcass and meat traits of goats fed diets containing cottonseed cake.

The cottonseed cake has the necessary nutritional characteristics to be able to substitute the traditional ingredients (such as soybean meal) and reduce the costs of the diet. However, it is necessary to determine the best level of inclusion of cottonseed cake in the diets of fattening goats to improve meat production and quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate carcass and meat traits of feedlot goats fed diets containing cottonseed cake replacing soybean meal (33 %, 66 % and 100 %). Thirty-two uncastrated Boer crossbred goats (4 months old, 16  ±  2 kg initial body weight) were used in a completely randomized experimental design. Replacing soybean meal with cottonseed did not compromise ( P > 0.05 ) slaughter weight, carcass traits (dressing percentage, loin-eye area and back-fat thickness), primal cuts or carcass morphometric measurements; moisture, protein, or total lipid contents of meat; or the physicochemical traits of color ( L * , a * and b * coordinates), pH, shear force, and cooking loss. However, there was a reduction ( P = 0.001 ) in the mineral matter content (from 1.08 % to 0.97 %) and an increase ( P = 0.006 ) in the cholesterol content (from 50.85 to 70.55 mg/100 g of meat) of the meat as the dietary levels of cottonseed cake were increased. Based on the results of production and meat quality, we recommend using cottonseed cake as an alternative protein source to replace up to 100 % of soybean meal in feedlot goat diets.

Study of anesthetics for euthanasia in rats and mice: A systematic review and meta-analysis on the impact upon biological outcomes (SAFE-RM).

AIM: To summarize the knowledge on the effect of anesthetics employed right before euthanasia on biological outcomes. DATA SOURCE: A systematic review of the literature to find studies with isoflurane, ketamine, halothane, pentobarbital, or thiopental just before euthanasia of laboratory rats or mice. STUDY SELECTION: Controlled studies with quantitative data available. DATA EXTRACTION: The search, data extraction, and risk of bias (RoB) were performed independently by two reviewers using a structured form. For each outcome, an effect size (ES) was calculated relative to the control group. Meta-analysis was performed using robust variance meta-regression for hierarchical data structures, with adjustment for small samples. DATA SYNTHESIS: We included 20 studies with 407 biological outcomes (110 unique). RoB analysis indicated that 87.5% of the domains evaluated showed unclear risk, 2% high risk, and 10.5% low risk. The effect size for all anesthetics considered together was 0.99 (CI95% = 0.75-1.23; p < 0.0001). Sub-analyses indicate high effect sizes for pentobarbital (1.14; CI95% = 0.75-1.52; p < 0.0001), and isoflurane (1.01; CI95% = 0.58-1.44; p = 0.0005) but not for ketamine (1.49; CI95% = -7.95-10.9; p = 0.295). CONCLUSION: We showed that anesthetics interfere differently with the majority of the outcomes assessed. However, our data did not support the use of one anesthetic over others or even the killing without anesthetics. We conclude that outcomes cannot be compared among studies without considering the killing method. This protocol was registered at Prospero (CRD42019119520). FUNDING: There was no direct funding for this research.

Effect of high-concentrate diets with calcium lignosulfonate and cottonseed processing method on quantitative traits and non-carcass components of feedlot cull ewes.

This study examined the effects of cottonseed processing form and the inclusion of calcium lignosulfonate in high-concentrate diets for feedlot cull ewes on carcass traits and non-carcass components. Thirty Santa Inês cull ewes with an average body weight of 44.2  ±  5.2 kg and an average age of 50 months were distributed into collective stalls in a completely randomized design. The treatments consisted of diets including whole cottonseed, crushed cottonseed, whole cottonseed treated with lignosulfonate (100 g/kg, as fed), crushed cottonseed treated with lignosulfonate (100 g/kg, as fed), and a control diet without cottonseed. The experimental diets did not influence ( P > 0.05 ) average daily weight gain (0.195 kg/day), slaughter weight (51.74 kg), or in vivo biometric and on-carcass measurements. There was no difference ( P > 0.05 ) in loin-eye area or subcutaneous fat thickness as evaluated in vivo by ultrasound. There was no diet effect on hot carcass weight and yield (24.8 kg and 47.8 %), cold carcass weight and yield (24.2 kg and 46.8 %), or chilling loss (2.1 %). Non-carcass components did not differ in response to the diets ( P > 0.05 ). Dietary inclusion of calcium lignosulfonate increases the proportions of udder and liver relative to empty body weight ( P < 0.05 ). Neither the cottonseed processing method nor the inclusion of calcium lignosulfonate in high-concentrate diets for cull ewes affects their performance, biometric or morphometric measurements, non-carcass components, or qualitative traits of their carcass.

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Unprotected Left Main Coronary Artery Lesions. / Intervenção Coronariana Percutânea em Lesões não Protegidas de Tronco.

BACKGROUND: The advent of drug-eluting stents allowed the percutaneous coronary intervention to present safe results in lesions in the left main coronary artery. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the results of the percutaneous treatment of unprotected left main coronary artery lesion with the use of intravascular ultrasound. METHODS: Study of consecutive case series carried out from January 2010 to December 2018. Clinical data were collected from patients as well as prognostic scores and data on coronary lesion. Low-grade residual lesion (less than 50%) on angiography and minimum luminal area greater than 6 mm2on intravascular ultrasound were considered successful. The adopted significance level was 5%. RESULTS: 107 cases were analyzed. The multivessel lesion was predominant, with most (39.25%) of the lesions being found in three vessels in addition to the left main coronary artery. The SYNTAX score had a mean of 46.80 (SD: 22.95), and 70 (65.42%) patients had a SYNTAX score above 32 points. Angiographic success of percutaneous intervention was considered in 106 (99.06%) patients. The overall rate of major cardiac and cerebrovascular events in the hospital outcome was 6.54%, being similar in patients with SYNTAX score ≤ 32 (8.10%) and ≥ 33 (5.71%; p = 0.68). CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous intervention in cases of unprotected left main coronary artery lesion was safely performed and presented excellent results. Considerable angiographic success of treatment guided by intravascular ultrasound was achieved. The rate of major cardiac and cerebrovascular events was similar between patients at low and high risks.

FUNDAMENTO: O advento dos stents farmacológicos permitiu que a intervenção coronariana percutânea apresentasse resultados seguros nas lesões de tronco da artéria coronária esquerda. OBJETIVOS: Analisar os resultados do tratamento percutâneo da lesão não protegida de tronco da artéria coronária com a utilização de ultrassom intravascular. MÉTODOS: Estudo de série de casos consecutivos realizado no período de janeiro de 2010 a dezembro de 2018. Coletaram-se dados clínicos dos pacientes, assim como escores prognósticos e dados da lesão coronariana. Considerou-se de sucesso a lesão residual menor que 50% à angiografia e a área mínima da luz maior que 6 mm 2 ao ultrassom intravascular. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. RESULTADOS: Analisaram-se 107 casos. A lesão multiarterial foi predominante, sendo com maior frequência (39,25%) encontradas lesões em três vasos além do tronco coronariano. O escore SYNTAX apresentou média de 46,80 (DP: 22,95), e 70 (65,42%) pacientes tiveram escore SYNTAX acima de 32 pontos. Considerou-se sucesso angiográfico da intervenção percutânea em 106 (99,06%) pacientes. A taxa geral de evento maior cardíaco e cerebrovascular no desfecho hospitalar foi 6,54%, sendo semelhante nos pacientes com escore SYNTAX ≤ 32 (8,10%) e ≥ 33 (5,71%; p = 0,68) . CONCLUSÕES: A intervenção percutânea em casos de lesão não protegida de tronco coronariano foi realizada com segurança e apresentou ótimos resultados. Atingiu-se alto sucesso angiográfico de tratamento guiado pelo ultrassom intravascular. A taxa de eventos cardíacos e cerebrovasculares maiores foi semelhante entre os pacientes de menor e de maior risco.

Intervenção Coronariana Percutânea em Lesões não Protegidas de Tronco / Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Unprotected Left Main Coronary Artery Lesions

Resumo Fundamento O advento dos stents farmacológicos permitiu que a intervenção coronariana percutânea apresentasse resultados seguros nas lesões de tronco da artéria coronária esquerda. Objetivos Analisar os resultados do tratamento percutâneo da lesão não protegida de tronco da artéria coronária com a utilização de ultrassom intravascular. Métodos Estudo de série de casos consecutivos realizado no período de janeiro de 2010 a dezembro de 2018. Coletaram-se dados clínicos dos pacientes, assim como escores prognósticos e dados da lesão coronariana. Considerou-se de sucesso a lesão residual menor que 50% à angiografia e a área mínima da luz maior que 6 mm 2 ao ultrassom intravascular. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados Analisaram-se 107 casos. A lesão multiarterial foi predominante, sendo com maior frequência (39,25%) encontradas lesões em três vasos além do tronco coronariano. O escore SYNTAX apresentou média de 46,80 (DP: 22,95), e 70 (65,42%) pacientes tiveram escore SYNTAX acima de 32 pontos. Considerou-se sucesso angiográfico da intervenção percutânea em 106 (99,06%) pacientes. A taxa geral de evento maior cardíaco e cerebrovascular no desfecho hospitalar foi 6,54%, sendo semelhante nos pacientes com escore SYNTAX ≤ 32 (8,10%) e ≥ 33 (5,71%; p = 0,68) . Conclusões A intervenção percutânea em casos de lesão não protegida de tronco coronariano foi realizada com segurança e apresentou ótimos resultados. Atingiu-se alto sucesso angiográfico de tratamento guiado pelo ultrassom intravascular. A taxa de eventos cardíacos e cerebrovasculares maiores foi semelhante entre os pacientes de menor e de maior risco.

Abstract Background The advent of drug-eluting stents allowed the percutaneous coronary intervention to present safe results in lesions in the left main coronary artery. Objectives To analyze the results of the percutaneous treatment of unprotected left main coronary artery lesion with the use of intravascular ultrasound. Methods Study of consecutive case series carried out from January 2010 to December 2018. Clinical data were collected from patients as well as prognostic scores and data on coronary lesion. Low-grade residual lesion (less than 50%) on angiography and minimum luminal area greater than 6 mm2on intravascular ultrasound were considered successful. The adopted significance level was 5%. Results 107 cases were analyzed. The multivessel lesion was predominant, with most (39.25%) of the lesions being found in three vessels in addition to the left main coronary artery. The SYNTAX score had a mean of 46.80 (SD: 22.95), and 70 (65.42%) patients had a SYNTAX score above 32 points. Angiographic success of percutaneous intervention was considered in 106 (99.06%) patients. The overall rate of major cardiac and cerebrovascular events in the hospital outcome was 6.54%, being similar in patients with SYNTAX score ≤ 32 (8.10%) and ≥ 33 (5.71%; p = 0.68). Conclusions Percutaneous intervention in cases of unprotected left main coronary artery lesion was safely performed and presented excellent results. Considerable angiographic success of treatment guided by intravascular ultrasound was achieved. The rate of major cardiac and cerebrovascular events was similar between patients at low and high risks.

Incidence of injuries in soccer players - mappingfoot: a prospective cohort study / Incidencia de lesiones en jugadores de fútbol - mappingfoot: un estudio de cohorte prospectivo / Incidência de lesões em jogadores de futebol - mappingfoot: um estudo de coorte prospectivo

ABSTRACT Introduction: Although the positive effects of physical activity on global health are well documented, sports practice is associated with a greater risk of injury; in professional soccer in particular, the risk is substantial. Objective: The primary objective of this study was to investigate the incidence of injuries among male athletes competing in the regional soccer championship. The secondary objective was to determine the prevalence of injuries. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, level of evidence II, the incidence and prevalence of injuries were assessed using an adapted version of the UEFA Champions League Study questionnaire. Results: This study included 310 male athletes from ten teams, aged 26.53±4.75 years, height 180.93±6.49 cm, and weight 79.32±8.29 kg, with a 4-month follow-up. Ninety-two injuries were recorded, representing a prevalence of 29.68% injuries. The body part most frequently injured was the lower limbs (86.9%). The main types of injuries were muscle tear/strain (37.0%), sprain/ligament (19.6%), and other injuries (14.1%). The injuries were mainly caused during run/sprint (33.7%), kick (12.0%) and jumping/landing (6.5%). The incidences of injuries were 15.88±8.57, 2.04±1.09, and 3.65±1.50 injuries/1000h of exposure during matches, training, and matches/training, respectively. Time-loss over the season was between 1 and 50 days, and the severity of the injuries was as follows: light (25%), minor (22.8%), moderate (43.5%) and severe (8.7%). Conclusion: This study suggests that there is a higher incidence of injuries during matches compared to training, among male regional soccer championship players. The lower limbs are the body part most affected, with a higher prevalence of rupture/strain in the thigh region, during running/sprinting. Level of evidence II; Prospective Cohort Study .

RESUMEN Introducción: Aunque los efectos positivos de la actividad física en la salud global estén bien documentados, la práctica deportiva está asociada a un riesgo mayor de lesiones; especialmente en el fútbol profesional, el riesgo es sustancial. Objetivo: El objetivo primario de este estudio fue investigar la incidencia de lesiones en atletas del sexo masculino que compiten en campeonatos regionales de fútbol. El resultado secundario fue determinar la prevalencia de lesiones. Métodos: En este estudio de cohorte prospectivo, nivel de evidencia II, la incidencia y la prevalencia de lesiones fueron evaluadas usando una versión adaptada del cuestionario de estudio de la Liga de Campeones de la UEFA. Resultados: Este estudio incluyó a 310 atletas del sexo masculino de 10 equipos, edad 26,53 ± 4,75 años, estatura 180,93 ± 6,49 cm y peso 79,32 ± 8,29 kg, durante 4 meses de acompañamiento. Se registraron 92 lesiones, lo que representa una prevalencia de 29,68%. La parte del cuerpo que tuvo lesiones más frecuentes fueron los miembros inferiores (86,9%). Los principales tipos de lesión fueron rotura/distensión muscular (37,0%), esguince/ligamento (19,6%) y otras lesiones (14,1%). Las lesiones fueron causadas principalmente durante carrera/sprint (33,7%), puntapié (12,0%) y salto/aterrizaje (6,5%). La incidencia de lesiones fue de 15,88 ± 8,57, 2,04 ± 1,09 y 3,65 ± 1,50 lesiones/1000 horas de exposición durante partidos, entrenamientos y partidos/entrenamientos, respectivamente. El tiempo de alejamiento en la temporada varió de 1 a 50 días, y la gravedad de las lesiones fue la siguiente: leve (25%), menor (22,8%), moderada (43,5%) y grave (8,7%). Conclusión: El presente estudio sugiere que existe mayor incidencia de lesiones durante los partidos en comparación con los entrenamientos entre jugadores del sexo masculino en campeonatos regionales de fútbol. Los miembros inferiores son la región más acometida, con mayor prevalencia de rotura/distensión en la región del muslo durante la carrera/sprint. Nivel de evidencia II, Estudio de cohorte prospectivo .

RESUMO Introdução: Embora os efeitos positivos da atividade física na saúde global sejam bem documentados, a prática esportiva está associada a um risco maior de lesões; especialmente no futebol profissional, o risco é substancial. Objetivo: O objetivo primário deste estudo foi investigar a incidência de lesões em atletas do sexo masculino que competem em campeonatos regionais de futebol. O objetivo secundário foi determinar a prevalência de lesões. Métodos: Neste estudo de coorte prospectivo, nível de evidência II, a incidência e a prevalência de lesões foram avaliados usando uma versão adaptada do questionário de estudo da Liga dos Campeões da UEFA. Resultados: Este estudo incluiu 310 atletas do sexo masculino de 10 equipes, com idade 26,53 ± 4,75 anos, estatura 180,93 ± 6,49 cm e peso 79,32 ± 8,29 kg, durante 4 meses de acompanhamento. Foram registradas 92 lesões, o que representa uma prevalência de 29,68%. A parte do corpo que teve lesões mais frequentes foram os membros inferiores (86,9%). Os principais tipos de lesão foram ruptura/distensão muscular (37,0%), entorse/ligamento (19,6%) e outras lesões (14,1%). As lesões foram causadas principalmente durante corrida/sprint (33,7%), chute (12,0%) e salto/aterrissagem (6,5%). A incidência de lesões foi de 15,88 ± 8,57, 2,04 ± 1,09 e 3,65 ± 1,50 lesões/1.000 horas de exposição durante jogos, treinamento e jogos/treinamento, respectivamente. O tempo de afastamento na temporada variou de 1 a 50 dias e a gravidade das lesões foi a seguinte: leve (25%), menor (22,8%), moderada (43,5%) e grave (8,7%). Conclusão: O presente estudo sugere que existe maior incidência de lesões durante os jogos em comparação com os treinos entre jogadores do sexo masculino em campeonatos regionais de futebol. Os membros inferiores são a região mais acometida, com maior prevalência de ruptura/distensão na região da coxa durante a corrida/sprint. Nível de evidência II; Estudo de coorte prospectivo .

Decontamination protocol of the macroalga Bostrychia binderi Harvey (Rhodophyta) for unialgal cultures and laboratory studies / Protocolo de descontaminação da macroalga Bostrychia binderi Harvey (Rhodophyta) para culturas unialgais e estudos laboratoriais

This study aimed to test the effectiveness of physical and chemical procedures for surface decontamination of Bostrychia binderi Harvey. For this, thalli were washed and immersed in chemical solutions (5% liquid detergent, 1% povidone iodine and 0.2% sodium hypochlorite) at different times and combinations. After treatments the thalli were cultivated in laboratory to verify possible negative effects caused by the procedures to alga. Contaminating organisms in the algal culture medium were quantified at the end of cultivation. Washing, spraying, removing of macrofauna individuals with tweezers, thalli immersion in 5% liquid detergent for 60 seconds, after in 0.2% sodium hypochlorite for 2 minutes were effective procedures to eliminate all contaminants analyzed. Thalli immersion in 1% povidone iodine did not affect negatively the thalli growth, whereas immersion in 0.2% sodium hypochlorite for 5 minutes affected. For establishment of Bostrychia's unialgal cultures we recommend the proposed protocol in this study.

Este estudo objetivou testar a eficácia de procedimentos físicos e químicos para descontaminação da superfície de Bostrychia binderi Harvey. Para isto, talos foram lavados e imersos em soluções químicas (detergente líquido 5%, iodopovidona 1% e hipoclorito de sódio 0,2%) em diferentes tempos e combinações. Após os tratamentos, os talos foram cultivados para verificar possíveis efeitos negativos causados ​​pelos procedimentos à alga. Contaminantes no meio de cultura dos talos foram quantificados no final do cultivo. Procedimentos de lavagem, remoção física de indivíduos da macrofauna, imersão de talos em detergente líquido 5% por 60 segundos, depois em hipoclorito de sódio 0,2% por 2 minutos, foram eficazes para eliminar os contaminantes analisados. Imersão de talos em iodopovidona 1% não afetou o crescimento dos talos, enquanto que imersão em hipoclorito de sódio 0,2% por 5 minutos afetou. Para estabelecimento de culturas unialgais de Bostrychia recomendamos o protocolo proposto neste estudo.

Estimation of ruminal outflow in buffaloes fed diets with different energy and protein sources by use of reticular and omasal sampling.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different traditional or alternative energy and protein sources, associated or not, on feeding behavior, ruminal kinetics, and post-ruminal flow of nutrients. Besides, it was assessed diets' effects on different sites (reticulum and omasum) of buffaloes. Four ruminally cannulated male Murrah buffaloes (average initial weight of 637 ± 66.37 kg) were randomly distributed in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments were arranged as 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The first factor evaluated was the inclusion of energy sources (ground corn and crude glycerin), and the second factor was the inclusion of protein sources (soybean meal and cottonseed cake). Buffaloes fed cottonseed cake had a higher content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and potentially digestible detergent fiber (pdNDF) in the rumen environment than buffaloes fed soybean meal. There was a sampling site effect on rumen digestion rates of pdNDF, passage rates of indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF), and pdNDF, and flow of iNDF. In this study, omasal collections were more representative. Total replacement of ground corn by crude glycerin promoted less NDF ruminal digestibility, and care should be taken to include this energy source. The cottonseed cake does not cause a difference in rumen dynamics and can totally replace soybean meal in feedlot buffaloes' diet.

Efferocytosis of SARS-CoV-2-infected dying cells impairs macrophage anti-inflammatory programming and continual clearance of apoptotic cells

COVID-19 is a disease of dysfunctional immune responses, but the mechanisms triggering immunopathogenesis are not established. The functional plasticity of macrophages allows this cell type to promote pathogen elimination and inflammation or suppress inflammation and promote tissue remodeling and injury repair. During an infection, the clearance of dead and dying cells, a process named efferocytosis, can modulate the interplay between these contrasting functions. Here, we show that engulfment of SARS-CoV2-infected apoptotic cells exacerbates inflammatory cytokine production, inhibits the expression of efferocytic receptors, and impairs continual efferocytosis by macrophages. We also provide evidence supporting that lung monocytes and macrophages from severe COVID-19 patients have compromised efferocytic capacity. Our findings reveal that dysfunctional efferocytosis of SARS-CoV-2-infected cell corpses suppress macrophage anti-inflammation and efficient tissue repair programs and provide mechanistic insights for the excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and accumulation of tissue damage associated with COVID-19 immunopathogenesis.

Agronomic characterization of sunflower cultivars for animal feeding in tropical conditions

This study was developed to examine morpho-agronomic traits of 18 sunflower cultivars and identify superior cultivars in terms of grain yield, forage quality, or both, for animal feeding. Twenty-two morpho-agronomic traits related to plant development and architecture; earliness of maturity; grain yield (achenes); dry matter yield; and dry matter content were evaluated. Cultivars Hélio 253, Hélio 358, Embrapa 122, BRS 321, and Hélio 360 showed inflorescence at the final stage. Aguará 4 showed the lowest flowering rate, characterizing it as late-maturing. For grain yield, cultivars Charrua, Olisun 3, BRS 321, Paraíso 103CL, Paraíso 65, Aguará 6, and CF 101 are recommended, as they showed the highest achene yields (average: 1,541.67 to 2,148.81 kg.ha−1, respectively). Cultivars Charrua, Hélio 251, Olisun 3, Hélio 360, Paraíso 55, and Paraíso 103CL exhibited higher dry matter yields (9,550.93 to 11,789.91 kg ha−1) and were thus indicated for forage production. Cultivars Charrua, Olisun 3, BRS 321, Paraíso 103CL, Paraíso 65, Aguará 6, and CF 101 are recommended for grain yield, for the diet of monogastric animals; Charrua, Hélio 251, Olisun 3, Hélio 360, Paraíso 55, and Paraíso 103CL for forage yield, for ruminant feeding; and Charrua, Olisun 3, and Paraíso 103CL for both purposes.

A multibiomarker approach in the caged neotropical fish to assess the environment health in a river of central Brazilian Cerrado.

Water safety is a world-wide concern and several efforts have been made in order to ensure the conservation of aquatic ecosystems. Water quality monitoring must be performed with an integrated approach using biomonitor organisms allied to water parameters. Nonetheless, very few studies have focused on biomarker responses in neotropical fish, especially in the freshwater ecosystem of Brazilian Cerrado savanna. In present study, the active biomonitoring of the João Leite river (central Brazilian Cerrado river) was performed through the evaluation of biomarker responses in caged Astyanax lacustris in combination with land use classification and analysis of water parameters. Caged fish were exposed for seven days at four sites along the river and two control groups were kept in a tank under controlled conditions. Results showed that pasture was the predominant land use in the João Leite river basin (54.07%), followed by natural vegetation (34.92%) and other kind of land use (11.01%). Water analyses showed metal concentrations (Mn and Fe) above the maximum allowed by Brazilian regulation, with particularly higher concentrations at Site 2 (near to pasture area). Biomarker responses did not show significant differences for somatic and mutagenic biomarkers between sites. However, the comet assay showed high DNA damage at Sites 2 and 3, indicating genotoxic effects in caged fish at pasture areas. Histopathological analysis showed highest frequency of leukocyte infiltration in liver of fish from Site 2, confirming the ecotoxic effects on A. lacustris in streams impacted by grazing activities. DNA damage and leukocyte infiltration in fish hepatic tissues were sensitive biomarkers in the neotropical fish A. lacustris to assess the environment health of the Cerrado river. These results showed the importance of using a multibiomarker approach in environmental risk assessment, especially in areas more at risk from anthropogenic pollution.

Cardiac pathology in mucopolysaccharidosis I mice: Losartan modifies ERK1/2 activation during cardiac remodeling.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the IDUA gene, that codifies the alpha-L-iduronidase enzyme, which deficiency leads to storage of glycosaminoglycans, with multiple clinical manifestations. One of the leading causes of death in MPS I patients are cardiac complications such as cardiac valve thickening, conduction abnormalities, myocardial dysfunction, and cardiac hypertrophy. The mechanism leading to cardiac dysfunction in MPS I is not entirely understood. In a previous study, we have demonstrated that losartan and propranolol improved the cardiac function in MPS I mice. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether the pathways influenced by these drugs may modulate the cardiac remodeling process in MPS I mice. According to our previous observation, losartan and propranolol restore the heart function, without altering valve thickness. MPS I mice presented reduced activation of AKT and ERK1/2, increased activity of cathepsins, but no alteration in metalloproteinase activity was observed. Animals treated with losartan showed a reduction in cathepsin activity and restored ERK1/2 activation. While both losartan and propranolol improved heart function, no mechanistic evidence was found for propranolol so far. Our results suggest that losartan or propranolol could be used to ameliorate the cardiac disease in MPS I and could be considered as adjuvant treatment candidates for therapy optimization.

Exercise training modalities for heart transplant recipients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Heart transplantation is the gold standard treatment for selected patients with end-stage heart failure. Although this procedure can improve quality and prolong life expectancy, several of these patients persist with decreased exercise tolerance. Evidence suggests that exercise training can bring multifactorial benefits to heart transplant (HTx) recipients. However, it is unclear that exercise modality should be preferred. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and network meta-analysis is to compare the efficacy and safety of different training modalities in HTx recipients. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will perform a comprehensive literature search in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, The Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Scopus, SportDISCUS, Web of Science Core Collection and PEDro from inception until November 2020. Two registries (ClinicalTrials.gov and REBEC) will also be searched for potential results in unpublished studies. There will be no restriction on language, date of publication, publication status or sample size. We will include randomised controlled trials enrolling adult HTx recipients with the presence of at least one exercise training group, which might be compared with another training modality and/or a non-exercise control group for a minimum of 4 weeks of intervention. The primary outcomes will be peak oxygen consumption and occurrence of adverse events. As secondary outcomes, the interaction between pulmonary ventilation, pulmonary perfusion and cardiac output, oxygen uptake efficiency slope, heart rate response, oxygen pulse, peak blood pressure and peak subjective perception of effort. In addition, we will evaluate the 6 min walking distance, health-related quality of life, endothelial function, muscle strength, body fat percentage and lean mass. Risk of bias will be assessed using the Cochrane RoB V.2.0 tool, and we plan to use the Confidence in Network Meta-Analysis tool to assess confidence in the results. All materials (raw data, processed data, statistical code and outputs) will be shared in a public repository. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Given the nature of this study, no ethical approval will be required. We believe that the findings of this study may show which is the most efficacious and safe physical training modality for HTx recipients. The completed systematic review and network meta-analysis will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42020191192.

Physical Activity Decreases the Prevalence of COVID-19-associated Hospitalization: Brazil EXTRA Study

ObjectivesWe compared physical activity levels before the outbreak and quarantine measures with COVID-19-associated hospitalization prevalence in surviving patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, we investigated the association of physical activity levels with symptoms of the disease, length of hospital stay, and mechanical ventilation. MethodsBetween June 2020 and August 2020, we invited Brazilian survivors and fully recovered patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 to respond to an online questionnaire. We shared the electronic link to the questionnaire on the internet. In this cross-sectional study, we collected data about clinical outcomes (symptoms, medications, hospitalization, and length of hospital stay) and cofactors, such as age, sex, ethnicity, preexisting diseases, socioeconomic and educational, and physical activity levels using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ short version). ResultsOut of 938 patients, 91 (9.7%) were hospitalized due to COVID-19. In a univariate analysis, sex, age, and BMI were all associated with hospitalizations due to COVID-19. Men had a higher prevalence of hospitalization (66.6%, P=0.013). Patients older than 65 years, obese, and with preexisting disease had a higher prevalence of COVID-19-related hospitalizations. In a multivariate regression model, performance of at least 150 min/wk (moderate) and/or 75 min/wk (vigorous) physical activity was associated with a lower prevalence of hospitalizations after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, and preexisting diseases (PR=0.657; P=0.046). ConclusionsSufficient physical activity levels are associated with a lower prevalence of COVID-19-related hospitalizations. Performing at least 150 minutes a week of moderate-intensity, or 75 minutes a week of vigorous-intensity physical activity reduces this prevalence by 34.3%. (EXTRA SARS-CoV-2 Study, ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04396353)

Cardiac hypertrophy in mice submitted to a swimming protocol: influence of training volume and intensity on myocardial renin-angiotensin system.

Exercise promotes physiological cardiac hypertrophy and activates the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which plays an important role in cardiac physiology, both through the classical axis [angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) activated by angiotensin II (ANG II)] and the alternative axis [proto-oncogene Mas receptor (MASR) activated by angiotensin-(1-7)]. However, very intense exercise could have deleterious effects on the cardiovascular system. We aimed to analyze the cardiac hypertrophy phenotype and the classical and alternative RAS axes in the myocardium of mice submitted to swimming exercises of varying volume and intensity for the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Male Balb/c mice were divided into three groups, sedentary, swimming twice a day without overload (T2), and swimming three times a day with a 2% body weight overload (T3), totaling 6 wk of training. Both training groups developed similar cardiac hypertrophy, but only T3 mice improved their oxidative capacity. We observed that T2 had increased levels of MASR, which was followed by the activation of its main downstream protein AKT; meanwhile, AT1R and its main downstream protein ERK remained unchanged. Furthermore, no change was observed regarding the levels of angiotensin peptides, in either group. In addition, we observed no change in the ratio of expression of the myosin heavy chain ß-isoform to that of the α-isoform. Fibrosis was not observed in any of the groups. In conclusion, our results suggest that increasing exercise volume and intensity did not induce a pathological hypertrophy phenotype, but instead improved the oxidative capacity, and this process might have the participation of the RAS alternative axis.

Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of lumbosacral epidural bupivacaine in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs: The effects of two volumes of 0.25% solution.

The purpose of this study was to compare cardiovascular and respiratory effects of two volumes of bupivacaine 0.25% (0.2 mL kg-1-treatment BUP02-and 0.4 mL kg-1 -treatment BUP04) administered epidurally at the lumbosacral intervertebral space in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane. This experimental prospective randomized crossover design trial used six mixed breed adult dogs, four neutered males and two spayed females. Each dog was anesthetized on three different occasions: the first for isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) measurement, and the following two assigned treatments (BUP02 or BUP04). On the two treatment days, anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane at 1.3 MAC during the experiments. Cardiovascular and respiratory measurements were recorded before (T0) and 5, 15, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after the epidural administration of bupivacaine. Comparisons between and within groups were performed by a mixed-model ANOVA and Friedman's test when appropriate followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test or Dunnet's test to compare time points within each treatment with T0 (p < 0.05). Mean arterial pressure decreased significantly from 15 to 90 minutes after the administration of BUP02 and from 5 to 60 minutes in BUP04, with lower values in BUP04 than in BUP02 lasting up to 30 minutes after bupivacaine administration. No significant changes in cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance were observed in either treatment. Hypoventilation was only detected in BUP04. Hemoglobin concentration and arterial oxygen content decreased after both treatment of bupivacaine with no significant decrease in oxygen delivery. Two dogs in BUP04 developed Horner's syndrome. The epidural administration of 0.4 mL.kg-1 of bupivacaine to dogs in sternal recumbency anesthetized with isoflurane 1.3 MAC caused more cardiovascular and respiratory depression than 0.2 mL.kg-1.

Healthcare and sociodemographic conditions related to severe maternal morbidity in a state representative population, Federal District, Brazil: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The concept of severe maternal morbidity (SMM)-a potentially life-threatening condition during pregnancy, childbirth or after termination of pregnancy-can be used as a quality indicator of the health care provided to mothers and children. The aim of this study was to investigate the SMM rate and the main factors associated with this condition among women living in the Federal District, Brazil. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional population-based sample survey using a structured questionnaire about the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants' families. The data investigated included receipt of financial aid from the Federal Government, age, race, maternal educational level, prenatal care, mode of delivery, and serious complications during pregnancy and postpartum (SMM). 1042 mothers of children up to 1 year old were interviewed, representing a weighted estimated population of 36,724 mothers. The sample was representative of the whole Federal District state. RESULTS: Mothers were between 19 and 34 years old (69%), most of them were brown or black (59.7%), and they had more than 9 years of education (81.2%). Prenatal care was adequate for 91.9% of them, the most common mode of delivery was Cesarean section (61.3%), and most deliveries took place in public hospitals (57.3%). The prevalence of low birth weight (< 2,500 g) was 8.1%. We found 2072 events of SMM in 2060 mothers (SMM rate: 5.6%). There was an association between higher occurrence of SMM and older age (OR: 1.40; 1.26-1.56), lower maternal educational level (OR: 3.29; 2.78-3.90), and inadequate prenatal care (OR: 1.28; 1.09-1.51). Receipt of financial aid was also associated to increased risk for SMM (OR: 1.31; 1.16-1.48). Cesarean section and low birth weight reduced the risk of SMM (decrease of 49.0% and 46.0%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The SMM rate in the Federal District was positively associated with higher maternal age, lower maternal educational level, inadequate prenatal care, and government financial aid program. Conversely, SMM was inversely associated with Cesarean delivery and low birth weight. This study showed that specific demographic groups are at higher risk for SMM. Therefore, actions should be focused primarily on those groups for greater effectiveness at reducing maternal mortality and providing better quality of maternal health care.

Caracterização, uso e limitações da glicerina na alimentação de suínos: revisão / Characterization, use and limitations of glycerin in pig feed: a review / Caracterización, uso y limitaciones de glicerina en alimentación de cerdos: revisión

Glicerina é um líquido adocicado, higroscópico, inodoro, viscoso, energético, contendo variáveis níveis de glicerol, sendo utilizado como nutriente glicogênico ou lipogênico, dependendo da condição energética do animal. O glicerol ou 1,2,3-propanotriol é pertencente a função álcool, com três hidroxilas, de fórmula molecular C3H8O3. Em suínos, altos níveis de inclusão de glicerina podem proporcionar baixo conteúdo energético, pois o sistema enzimático da glicerol quinase torna-se saturado na conversão do glicerol para glicerol-3-fosfato, sendo o excesso excretado pela urina. A matéria-prima é um dos fatores que mais influenciam na composição da glicerina, podendo ser produzida a partir de óleo de soja, sebo bovino, gordura amarela e gordura de aves. Os componentes com maior participação na composição são glicerol, água e lipídios, contudo as limitações de seu uso na alimentação animal estão ligadas aos níveis residuais de sódio, potássio, metanol e umidade. Os níveis de glicerina bruta mais indicados para a viabilidade técnica e econômica estão em torno de 10%, sendo que acima de 15% compromete o desempenho e a viabilidade econômica. Por possuir características favoráveis e teores de energia em torno de 3.579 kcal/kg de energia metabolizável, a glicerina pode ser utilizada como ingrediente energético em rações para suínos.

Glycerin is a sweet, hygroscopic, odorless, viscous, energetic liquid containing variable glycerol levels being used as glycogen or lipogenic nutrient, depending on the energy condition of the animal. Glycerol, or 1,2,3-propanetriol, belongs to the alcohol group, with three hydroxyls, and the molecular formula of C3H8O3. In pigs, the inclusion of high levels of glycerin can provide low energy content, since the enzyme system in glycerol kinase becomes saturated in the conversion of glycerol to glycerol-3-phosphate, with the excess being excreted in the urine. The feedstock is one of the factors that most influence the composition of glycerin, which may be produced from soybean oil, beef tallow, yellow grease, and poultry fat. The components with the highest involvement in the composition are glycerol, water and lipids, however, the limitations of use in animal feed are connected to residual levels of sodium, potassium, methanol and humidity. Crude glycerin levels better suited to the technical and economic viability are at approximately 10%, while compromising the performance and economic viability if above 15%. Since it has favorable characteristics and energy levels around 3.579 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy, glycerin can be used as an energy ingredient in pig feed.

La glicerina es un líquido dulce, higroscópico, inodoro, viscoso, energético, que contiene niveles de glycerol variables, que se utililiza como nutriente glicogénico o lipogénico, dependiendo de la condición de energía del animal. El glicerol o 1, 2, 3 ­ propanotriol, es perteneciente a función alcohol, con tres hidroxilas, de formula molecular C3H8O3. En cerdos, los altos niveles de inclusión de glicerina pueden proporcionar un bajo contenido energético, pues el sistema enzimático de glicerol quinase se hace saturado en la conversión de glicerol en glicerol-3-fosfato, siendo el exceso excretado por la orina. La materia prima es uno de los factores que más influyen en la composición de la glicerina, pudiendo ser producida a partir del aceite de soja, sebo de ganado, grasa amarilla y grasa de aves. Los componentes con mayor participación en la composición son glicerol, agua y lepidios, sin embargo, las limitaciones de su uso en la alimentación animal están conectadas a niveles residuales de sodio, potasio, metanol y humedad. Los niveles de glicerina cruda más adecuados para la viabilidad técnica y económica están alrededor de 10%, siendo que más de 15% compromete el rendimiento y la viabilidad económica. Por tener características favorables y niveles de energía alrededor de 3579 kcal/kg de energía metabolizable, la glicerina puede ser utilizada como ingrediente de energía en alimentación de cerdos.