Humoral Immunity After COVID-19 Vaccination in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Other Indolent Lymphomas: A Single-Center Observational Study.

BACKGROUND: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and other non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs) lead to broad immunosuppression, conferring a greater risk for morbidity and mortality from SARS-CoV-2. Our study analyzed antibody (Ab) seropositivity from SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with these cancers. METHODS: In the final analysis, 240 patients were involved, and seropositivity was defined as a positive total or spike protein Ab. RESULTS: Seropositivity was 50% in CLL, 68% in WM, and 70% in the remaining NHLs. Moderna vaccination led to higher seropositivity compared to Pfizer vaccination across all cancers (64% vs. 49%; P = .022) and specifically CLL patients (59% vs. 43%; P = .029). This difference was not explainable by differences in treatment status or prior anti-CD20 monoclonal Ab therapy. In CLL patients, current or prior cancer therapy led to lower seropositivity compared to treatment-naïve patients (36% vs. 68%; P = .000019). CLL patients treated with Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors had better seropositivity after receiving the Moderna vaccination compared to Pfizer (50% vs. 23%; P = .015). Across all cancers, anti-CD20 agents within 1 year led to a lower Ab response compared to greater than one year (13% vs. 40%; P = .022), a difference which persisted after booster vaccination. CONCLUSION: Antibody response is lower in patients with indolent lymphomas compared to the general population. Lower Ab seropositivity was found in patients with a history of anti-leukemic agent therapy or those immunized with Pfizer vaccine. This data suggests that Moderna vaccination may confer a greater degree of immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with indolent lymphomas.

External validation of a heart failure risk score in patients with acute myeloid leukemia.

A 21-point risk score for heart failure (HF) has been developed for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), stratifying patients into three groups: low, moderate, and high-risk. In this study, 193 patients with AML treated with anthracycline-based therapy were stratified using the risk score, and its prognostic utility for HF events and all-cause mortality at one year of follow-up were evaluated. HF occurred in 18% (34/193) of anthracycline-treated patients. Global longitudinal strain (GLS) was more negative among patients without HF events (-19 ± 3 vs. -17 ± 4%). One year incidence of HF was increased in the higher risk groups: 12% of low-risk, 24% of moderate-risk, and 50% of high-risk (p < 0.001). However, a higher risk score was not associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality. This study provides external validation of a 21-point risk score for HF events but not all-cause mortality at one year in patients with AML.

Cardiac risk stratification of breast cancer patients in a cardio-oncology clinic.

PURPOSE: The field of cardio-oncology aims to optimize the cardiac health of cancer patients. The goals of this study are to (1) describe the demographics of a cardio-oncology clinic and (2) apply the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) cardiac risk stratification guidelines among breast cancer patients to assess the development of cardiovascular events, primarily heart failure (HF). METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review on 203 consecutive cardio-oncology patients who were seen between January 2019 and March 2020. Mean follow-up for the cohort was 29.2 ± 3.1 months (range 0-113). We applied the ASCO guidelines to the breast cancer subgroup. RESULTS: The plurality of patients 82/203 (40%) referred to clinic had breast cancer. The most common reason for referral was asymptomatic left ventricular (LV) dysfunction or HF (40%). Only 36/203 (18%) of patients were referred for a pre-chemotherapy evaluation. In breast cancer patients, there was a trend toward significance in up-titrating or initiating beta-blockers in the high vs. low risk ASCO groups [46/69 (67%) vs. 5/13 (38%), p = 0.054]. Approximately 13/82 (16%) of breast cancer patients required alterations to their anti-cancer therapy. HF events occurred in 1/36 (3%) of cancer treatment naïve patients and 14/167 (8%) of those with prior therapy, specifically 9% of the breast cancer subset. CONCLUSION: Our study provides insight into referral practices, interventions, and outcomes at a cardio-oncology clinic. Furthermore, breast cancer patients continue to have high rates of HF. These findings suggest a need to shift referral practices upstream for a pre-chemotherapy evaluation to optimize cardiovascular health.

Integrated genomic analyses of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas reveal the molecular bases for disease heterogeneity.

Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) are a clinically heterogeneous collection of lymphomas of the skin-homing T cell. To identify molecular drivers of disease phenotypes, we assembled representative samples of CTCLs from patients with diverse disease subtypes and stages. Via DNA/RNA-sequencing, immunophenotyping, and ex vivo functional assays, we identified the landscape of putative driver genes, elucidated genetic relationships between CTCLs across disease stages, and inferred molecular subtypes in patients with stage-matched leukemic disease. Collectively, our analysis identified 86 putative driver genes, including 19 genes not previously implicated in this disease. Two mutations have never been described in any cancer. Functionally, multiple mutations augment T-cell receptor-dependent proliferation, highlighting the importance of this pathway in lymphomagenesis. To identify putative genetic causes of disease heterogeneity, we examined the distribution of driver genes across clinical cohorts. There are broad similarities across disease stages. Many driver genes are shared by mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sezary syndrome (SS). However, there are significantly more structural variants in leukemic disease, leading to highly recurrent deletions of putative tumor suppressors that are uncommon in early-stage skin-centered MF. For example, TP53 is deleted in 7% and 87% of MF and SS, respectively. In both human and mouse samples, PD1 mutations drive aggressive behavior. PD1 wild-type lymphomas show features of T-cell exhaustion. PD1 deletions are sufficient to reverse the exhaustion phenotype, promote a FOXM1-driven transcriptional signature, and predict significantly worse survival. Collectively, our findings clarify CTCL genetics and provide novel insights into pathways that drive diverse disease phenotypes.

Cardiovascular Toxicities of CAR T-cell Therapy.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review provides a contemporary overview of current studies outlining the incidence and characteristics of CAR T-cell cardiotoxicity in an effort to identify future directions for research and potential opportunities for prevention and intervention. RECENT FINDINGS: Cardiovascular events occurred in anywhere between 10 and 36% of patients in CAR T-cell clinical trials, ranging from tachycardia, hypotension, arrhythmia, decreased left ventricular systolic function to cardiogenic shock and death. Cardiac events are more often associated higher grades (> 2) of cytokine release syndrome and frequently proceeded by an elevated troponin. There is a growing recognition of cardiotoxicities of CAR T-cell therapy but has a limited study in this area. The mechanism of left ventricular dysfunction due to CAR T-cell therapy is also unknown. As CAR T-cell use expands, it becomes imperative to truly understand the mechanism behind cardiac injury and to assess long-term follow-up data as this will allow for surveillance, early intervention, and potentially prevention of cardiotoxicity.

Cellular origins and genetic landscape of cutaneous gamma delta T cell lymphomas.

Primary cutaneous γδ T cell lymphomas (PCGDTLs) represent a heterogeneous group of uncommon but aggressive cancers. Herein, we perform genome-wide DNA, RNA, and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing on 29 cutaneous γδ lymphomas. We find that PCGDTLs are not uniformly derived from Vδ2 cells. Instead, the cell-of-origin depends on the tissue compartment from which the lymphomas are derived. Lymphomas arising from the outer layer of skin are derived from Vδ1 cells, the predominant γδ cell in the epidermis and dermis. In contrast, panniculitic lymphomas arise from Vδ2 cells, the predominant γδ T cell in the fat. We also show that TCR chain usage is non-random, suggesting common antigens for Vδ1 and Vδ2 lymphomas respectively. In addition, Vδ1 and Vδ2 PCGDTLs harbor similar genomic landscapes with potentially targetable oncogenic mutations in the JAK/STAT, MAPK, MYC, and chromatin modification pathways. Collectively, these findings suggest a paradigm for classifying, staging, and treating these diseases.