Non-invasive, transdermal, path-selective and specific glucose monitoring via a graphene-based platform.

Currently, there is no available needle-free approach for diabetics to monitor glucose levels in the interstitial fluid. Here, we report a path-selective, non-invasive, transdermal glucose monitoring system based on a miniaturized pixel array platform (realized either by graphene-based thin-film technology, or screen-printing). The system samples glucose from the interstitial fluid via electroosmotic extraction through individual, privileged, follicular pathways in the skin, accessible via the pixels of the array. A proof of principle using mammalian skin ex vivo is demonstrated for specific and 'quantized' glucose extraction/detection via follicular pathways, and across the hypo- to hyper-glycaemic range in humans. Furthermore, the quantification of follicular and non-follicular glucose extraction fluxes is clearly shown. In vivo continuous monitoring of interstitial fluid-borne glucose with the pixel array was able to track blood sugar in healthy human subjects. This approach paves the way to clinically relevant glucose detection in diabetics without the need for invasive, finger-stick blood sampling.

Tetradecanuclear Iron(III)-Oxo Nanoclusters Stabilized by Trilacunary Heteropolyanions.

The tetrameric, multi-Fe(III)-containing polyoxotungstates [Fe14O6(OH)13(P2W15O56)4](31-) (1) and [Na2Fe14(OH)12(PO4)4(A-α-XW9O34)4](20-) (X = Si(IV) (2), Ge(IV) (3)) have been successfully synthesized under conventional reaction conditions in aqueous, slightly acidic (1), or basic (2 and 3) media. Polyanions 1-3 were characterized in the solid state by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and magnetic studies, and in solution by electrochemistry.

Lanthanoid containing phosphotungstates: the syntheses, crystal structure, electrochemistry, photoluminescence and magnetic properties.

A series of ten mononuclear lanthanoid containing phosphotungstate clusters were synthesized by the reaction of the dilacunary ligand [P2W19O69(H2O)](14-) with Ln(NO3)3·xH2O in a potassium acetate buffer (pH 4.8), leading to the formation of Peacock and Weakley type dimers [Ln(PW11O39)2](11-) (Ln = Pr(3+) (1), Nd(3+) (2), Eu(3+) (3), Gd(3+) (4), Tb(3+) (5), Dy(3+) (6), Ho(3+) (7), Er(3+) (8), Tm(3+) (9), and Yb(3+) (10)). All isostructural molecular clusters were structurally characterized using various analytical techniques like FT-IR, (31)P NMR spectroscopy, photoluminescence and solid state UV/vis, electrochemistry, magnetism and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The compounds crystallize as mixed potassium/caesium or potassium salts K11[Ln(PW11O39)2]·xH2O (Ln = Pr(3+) (1a), Nd(3+) (2a), Eu(3+) (3a), Gd(3+) (4a), Tb(3+) (5a), Dy(3+) (6a), Ho(3+) (7a), Er(3+) (8a), and Tm(3+) (9a), in the monoclinic crystal system, space group P21/c (14) with the exception of the Gd(4a) and Ho(7a) complexes which crystallize in the triclinic system, space group P1[combining macron]. The prominent effect of the paramagnetic lanthanoid ion along the group on the monolacunary Keggin unit (α-PW11O39) was illustrated by FT-IR and (31)P NMR spectroscopy. This is attributed to its small size and high charge density (lanthanoid contraction). The photoluminescence of the molecular clusters Eu(3a), Dy(6a) and Ho(7a) was studied at room temperature at different excitation wavelengths and shows interesting photochromic properties. The voltammetric patterns associated with the W-centers in the cluster series have enough distinct features to allow us to establish the relative basicity of the reduced polyoxometalates: {PW11} > Tm(9a) > Eu(4a) ≈ Tb(5a) ≈ Ho(7a) > Gd(4a) ≈ Dy(6a) ≈ Er(8a). Among the lanthanoid cations, just the Eu(3+) centre turned out to be electroactive, as expected. The magnetic measurement of Gd(4a) shows the paramagnetic behaviour of the material.