ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Induction of general anaesthesia has many potential triggers for peri-operative myocardial ischaemia including the acute disturbance of blood gases that frequently follows alterations in breathing and ventilation patterns. Free-breathing oxygenation-sensitive cardiovascular magnetic resonance (OS-CMR) imaging may provide the opportunity to continuously quantify the impact of such triggers on myocardial oxygenation. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of breathing patterns that simulate induction of general anaesthesia on myocardial oxygenation in awake healthy adults using continuous OS-CMR imaging. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Single-centre university hospital. Recruitment from August 2020 to January 2022. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-two healthy volunteers younger than 45 years old were recruited. Data were analysed from n â=â29 (69% male individuals). INTERVENTION: Participants performed a simulated induction breathing manoeuvre consisting of 2.5âmin paced breathing with a respiration rate of 14 breaths per minute, followed by 5 deep breaths, then apnoea for up to 60s inside a magnetic resonance imaging scanner (MRI). Cardiac images were acquired with the traditional OS-CMR sequence (OS bh-cine ), which requires apnoea for acquisition and with two free-breathing OS-CMR sequences: a high-resolution single-shot sequence (OS fb-ss ) and a real-time cine sequence (OS fb-rtcine ). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Myocardial oxygenation response at the end of the paced breathing period and at the 30âs timepoint during the subsequent apnoea, reflecting the time of successful intubation in a clinical setting. RESULTS: The paced breathing followed by five deep breaths significantly reduced myocardial oxygenation, which was observed with all three techniques (OS bh-cine -6.0â±â2.6%, OS fb-ss -12.0â±â5.9%, OS fb-rtcine -5.4â±â7.0%, all P â<â0.05). The subsequent vasodilating stimulus of apnoea then significantly increased myocardial oxygenation (OS bh-cine 6.8â±â3.1%, OS fb-ss 8.4â±â5.6%, OS fb-rtcine 15.7â±â10.0%, all P â<â0.01). The free-breathing sequences were reproducible and were not inferior to the original sequence for any stage. CONCLUSION: Breathing manoeuvres simulating induction of general anaesthesia cause dynamic alterations of myocardial oxygenation in young volunteers, which can be quantified continuously with free-breathing OS-CMR. Introducing these new imaging techniques into peri-operative studies may throw new light into the mechanisms of peri-operative perturbations of myocardial tissue oxygenation and ischaemia. VISUAL ABSTRACT: http://links.lww.com/EJA/A922.
