Characteristics, risk factors and treatment reality in livedoid vasculopathy - a multicentre analysis.

BACKGROUND: Livedoid vasculopathy (LV) is a rare cutaneous thrombotic disease. It is characterized by occlusion of dermal vessels resulting in livedo racemosa, ulceration and atrophie blanche. Clear guidelines for diagnosis and treatment are missing. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to better characterize epidemiology, clinical appearance and treatment reality of LV in a well-defined patient cohort. METHODS: The cohort was allocated within a prospective, multicentre, phase IIa trial that investigated the effect of rivaroxaban in LV. RESULTS: Analysis of 27 patients revealed that LV patients had an increased Body Mass Index (BMI; 11/27), hypertension (19/27) and increased levels of lipoprotein (a) (5/12) and homocysteine (10/12) in the blood. The female-to-male ratio was 2.1 : 1, and the median age was 53.0 years [interquartile range (IQR) 40.5-68]. Investigation of the clinical appearance found that 82% of patients had livedo racemosa, and the ankle region was most likely to be affected by ulceration (56-70%). The analysis of patient treatment history showed that heparin was most effective (12/17), while anti-inflammatory regimens were, although often used (17/24), not effective (0/17). CONCLUSION: We add clinical clues for a data supported diagnosis of LV, and we provide evidence that anticoagulants should be administered in monotherapy first line (EudraCT number 2012-000108-13-DE).

The Impact of Functioning Arteriovenous Fistula on Blood Pressure Control and Renal Allograft Function.

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of hypertension in renal graft recipients is high. It was postulated that central arteriovenous anastomosis may significantly reduce blood pressure. This preliminary study evaluates the impact of functioning arteriovenous fistula (AVF) on blood pressure control and renal allograft function. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred sixty-two previously hemodialyzed kidney transplant recipients (108 males, 54 females, aged 52.7 ± 13.2 years, mean 6.9 ± 5.1 years after transplantation), who had scheduled visits in the first two weeks of March 2015, were included in the study. The recipients were divided into two groups depending on AVF function (65 AVF+ and 97 AVF-). RESULTS: Functioning AVF was more prevalent in males than females (47.2 % vs 25.9 %, P = .009). Both groups presented similar allograft function despite the fact that interval from transplantation to examination day in the AVF+ group was significantly shorter than in the AVF- group (5.2 ± 5.3 vs 8.1± 4.5 years; P < .001). The mean systolic blood pressure (135.0 ± 17.0 vs 138.7 ± 14.1 mm Hg, P = .13) was similar in both study groups, but diastolic blood pressure in the AVF+ group was lower than in the AVF- group (80.0 ± 7.0 vs and 83.7 ± 9.2 mm Hg, P = .006). The proportion of patients with diastolic blood pressure >80 mm Hg was significantly higher in patients without functioning AVF (35 % in the AVF- group vs 20 % in the AVF+ group, P= .038). In multivariate analysis, AVF presence was the only factor significantly influencing a diastolic blood pressure with odds ratio 0.43 (95% CI 0.19-0.99, P = .048), which supports AVF as a potentially positive influence on blood pressure control. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of AVF in renal transplant recipients was associated with a slight decrease in diastolic blood pressure without clear effect on renal function.

Vedolizumab induction therapy for inflammatory bowel disease in clinical practice--a nationwide consecutive German cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Vedolizumab (VDZ) is a humanised monoclonal IgG1 antibody targeting α4 ß7 integrin. AIM: To investigate the real-world efficacy of vedolizumab for the treatment of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS: A consecutive cohort of 212 adult IBD patients with active disease (HBI >7/partial Mayo >4) newly receiving VDZ was prospectively recruited from 7 academic and 17 community centres. The primary endpoint was clinical remission (CRM) (CD HBI ≤4, UC pMayo ≤1) in week 14. Secondary endpoints included steroid-free remission (SFCRM), clinical response (CRS) (HBI/pMayo score drop ≥3), vedolizumab impact on CRP, calprotectin and haemoglobin. RESULTS: Data of 97 CD (71.1% female, HBI 11) and 115 UC (42.6% female, pMayo 6) patients were analysed. Only 5.2% CD and 24.3% UC were anti-TNFα naïve. Most had extensive mucosal involvement (Montreal L3 69.1%/E3 53.9%). At week 14, 23.7% vs. 23.5% of CD vs. UC patients achieved CRM, 19.6% vs. 19.1% SFCRM and 60.8% vs. 57.4% CRS, respectively (all based on NRI). Week 14 CRM in CD was significantly associated with no history of extraintestinal manifestations (P = 0.019), no prior adalimumab use (P = 0.011), no hospitalisation in the past 12 months (P = 0.015) and low HBI score (P = 0.02) and in UC with active or previous smoking (P = 0.044/0.028) and no anti-TNFα (P = 0.023) use. Low HBI (P = 0.019) and no hospitalisation in the past 12 months (P = 0.01) predict CD CRM. The three most common AE were joint pain, acne and nasopharyngitis. CONCLUSION: Vedolizumab is effective in routine use.

[Benefit assessment in health services research and epidemiology]. / Nutzenbewertung aus Sicht der Versorgungsforschung und der Epidemiologie.

The legal terms "benefit" and "added benefit" and the procedures related to their assessment, given the application of a new medical intervention for approval, should help to restrict the market to those products for which there is much evidence of their benefit or added benefit. The term implies the fiction of an overall benefit for all patients with the same disease. However, from the perspective of health services research and that of epidemiology the term inevitably has to be extended to cover the benefit to a variety of groups of patients or users of a broad spectrum of medical interventions in the real world, ranging from inpatient treatment to vaccination or screening programs. Thus, the assessment of benefit requires a comparison of the new product with all the alternatives currently available for routine care, explicitly taking into account user preferences. Hence, the assessment of benefit in health services research is not one-dimensional and requires new types of studies that go beyond the traditional phase III trials (efficacy trials). New approaches are mainly developed by comparative effectiveness research (CER). CER studies also use randomized designs, because they are currently the best available method for causal inferences. However, randomization in CER is extended to a much broader framework, including health-related databases, registers, epidemiological studies, feasibility studies, and post hoc analyses. CER has developed the necessary and appropriate designs and statistical methods. In addition, some of these methods allow an adaptive assessment of benefit, which can be used to monitor the implementation of new health care interventions or programs.

[Certification in surgical oncology : Relevance for the choice of hospital for treatment]. / Zertifizierungen in der onkologischen Chirurgie : Bedeutung für die Wahl der Behandlungsstätte.

BACKGROUND: Increasing requirements in quality management are leading to a rising number of certifications in the healthcare system. The certification of an institution should lead to this institution being chosen for treatment. OBJECTIVES: This study was carried out to evaluate this statement for surgical oncology. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A questionnaire was developed with which 100 patients, 40 general practitioners and 20 heads of oncology departments were surveyed with respect to the reasons for choosing a specific institution for oncological surgery. RESULTS: Of the patients 40 % followed the recommendations of their general practitioner while only 6 % considered certification as being relevant although 50 % believed certification was most important for their practitioner when choosing the surgical institution. Personal acquaintances were paramount for the choice of institution for 38.1 % of private practitioners, whereas none of the interviewees claimed that certification had had an influence. Of the heads of department 53.8 % answered that certification was irrelevant when referring a patient to another hospital. CONCLUSION: Despite widespread certification of surgical departments, patients, practitioners and heads of departments still rely on recommendations or personal experiences when choosing an institution for surgical oncology. The return rate of 16.4 % (41 received out of 250 questionnaires sent out) for practitioners shows the lack of interest in certification although 50 % of patients believed that the referral was based on this. Certification in surgical oncology has not yet been able to achieve the desired position as a strong quality factor showing that certification has not fulfilled one of the major goals and only plays an insignificant role in patient recruitment via referrals.

Application of the ETD/PTR reactions in top-down proteomics as a faster alternative to bottom-up nanoLC-MS/MS protein identification.

Our goal was to compare two popular analytical techniques used nowadays in proteomic investigations for proteins/peptides sequencing and identification, a widely used nanoLC-MS/MS approach applied in the bottom-up proteomics and electron transfer dissociation/proton transfer reaction fragmentation preferably used when top-down strategy is applied. Comparison was carried out with the aid of the ESI-quadrupole ion-trap instrument using the following criteria: total time of analysis including sample preparation, sequence coverage, Mascot scoring, capability to detect modifications, quality of the results as a function of protein molecular weight and sample consumption.

[Comparison of two access portals of an employee assistance program at an insurance corporation targeted to reduce stress levels of employees]. / Feldvergleich von zwei Zugangskonzepten zur betrieblichen Mitarbeiterberatung mit dem Ziel der Stressintervention im Haus eines Versicherungskonzerns. Steigerung der Inanspruchnahme durch Direktansprache der Mitarbeiter am Arbeitsplatz.

Support programmes for stress reduction were offered independently in two departments (650 employees in total) of an insurance group. Both departments, referred to as comparison group 1 and 2 (CG1 and CG2), offered an Employee Assistance Programme (EAP) featuring individual consultations. The employees were addressed through different channels of communication, such as staff meetings, superiors and email. In CG1, a staff adviser additionally called on all employees at their workplace and showed them a brief relaxing technique in order to raise awareness of stress reduction. By contacting employees personally it was also intended to reduce the inhibition threshold for the following individual talks. In CG2 individual talks were done face-to-face, whereas CG1 used telephone counselling. By using the new access channel with an additional personal contact at the workplace, an above average percentage of employees in CG1 could be motivated to participate in the following talks. The rate of participants was five times as high as in CG1, with lower costs for the consultation in each case.

[The methods within the evaluation of disease management programmes in control-group designs using the example of diabetes mellitus - a systematic literature review]. / Die Methoden der Evaluation von Disease Management Programmen im Kontrollgruppendesign am Beispiel Diabetes mellitus - Eine systematische Übersicht.

BACKGROUND: Disease management programmes (DMPs) were implemented in Germany in 2002. Their evaluation is required by law. Beyond the mandatory evaluation, a growing number of published studies evaluate the DMP for diabetes mellitus type 2 in a control-group design. As patients opt into the programme on a voluntary basis it is necessary to adjust the inherent selection bias between groups. The aim of this study is to review published studies which evaluate the diabetes DMP using a control-group design with respect to the methods used. METHODS: A systematic literature review of electronic databases (PUBMED, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, MEDPILOT) and a hand search of reference lists of the relevant publications was conducted to identify studies evaluating the DMP diabetes mellitus in a control-group design. RESULTS: 8 studies were included in the systematic literature review. 4 studies gathered retrospective claims data from sickness funds, one from physician's records, one study used prospective data from ambulatory care, and 2 studies were based on one patient survey. Methods used for adjustment of selection bias included exact matching, matching using propensity score methods, age-adjusted and sex-separated analysis, and adjustment in a regression model/analysis of covariance. One study did not apply adjustment methods. The intervention period ranged from 1 day to 4 years. Considered outcomes of studies (surrogate parameter, diabetes complications, mortality, quality of life, and claim data) depended on the database. CONCLUSION: In the evaluation of the DMP diabetes mellitus based on a control-group design neither the database nor the methods used for selection bias adjustment were consistent in the available studies. Effectiveness of DMPs cannot be judged based on this review due to heterogeneity of study designs. To allow for a comprehensive programme evaluation standardised minimum requirements for the evaluation of DMPs in the control group design are required.

Life prolonging of disease management programs in patients with type 2 diabetes is cost-effective.

AIM: Our objective was to examine the cost-effectiveness of disease management programs (DMPs) for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) taking into account their life prolonging effect. METHODS: We compared real life costs in 19,888 propensity score matched pairs of T2DM DMP participants and T2DM patients in routine care (RC) according to sickness funds data. We estimated mean annual costs for survivors, last year of life costs for decedents, the influence of ageing on costs, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio and effects on hospitalization. RESULTS: Annual costs for survivors were 3,318€ (DMP) and 3,570€ (RC). The mean costs in the last year of life were 16,911€ (DMP) and 15,763€ (RC). Ageing had a cost triggering effect for survivors (30€/36€ per year in DMP-/RC-group; p<0.001) and a cost decreasing effect in the last year of life (546€/483€ per year in DMP-/RC-group; p<0.001). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of the DMP vs. RC was -1396€ per life-year gained. Hospitalizations increased with age in case of survival and decreased with age in case of death but were always lower in the DMP-group. CONCLUSION: Despite increase in costs due to longer life DMPs are cost-effective.

An international expert survey on acupuncture in randomized controlled trials for low back pain and a validation of the low back pain acupuncture score.

BACKGROUND: Acupuncture is a promising treatment approach in patients with chronic low back pain (cLBP) but little is known about the quality of acupuncture in randomized controlled trials (RCT) of acupuncture cLBP. - OBJECTIVE: To determine how international experts (IES) rate the quality of acupuncture in RCTs of cLBP; independent international validation of the Low Back Pain Acupuncture Score (LBPAS). METHODOLOGY: Fifteen experts from 9 different countries outside China were surveyed (IES). They were asked to read anonymized excerpts of 24 RCTs of cLBP and answer a three-item questionnaire on how the method of acupuncture conformed to 1) Chinese textbook standards, 2) the expert?s personally preferred style, and 3) how acupuncture is performed in the expert?s country. Likert scale rating, calculation of the mode for each answer, and Spearman?s rank correlation coefficient between all three answers and the LBPAS were calculated. RESULTS: On comparison with Chinese textbook standards (question 1), 6 RCTs received a good rating, 8 trials a fair and 10 trials a poor or very poor rating. 5 of the 6 trials rated good, received at least a good rating also in question 2 or 3. We found a high correlation of 0.85 (p<0.0001) between the IES and LBPAS ratings for question 1 and question 2, and a correlation of 0.66 (p<0.0001) for question 3. CONCLUSION: The international expert survey (IES) revealed that only 6 out of 24 (25%) RCTs of acupuncture for cLBP were rated "good" in respect to Chinese textbook acupuncture standards. There were only small differences in how the acupuncture quality was rated in comparison to Chinese textbook acupuncture, personally preferred and local styles of acupuncture. The rating showed a high correlation with the Low Back Pain Acupuncture Score LBPAS.

[Quality assurance in German hospitals - federal quality of care monitoring vs. evaluation of routine clinical data. A head-to-head comparison on the example of pressure ulcers]. / Qualitätssicherung in deutschen Krankenhäusern: "Einrichtungsübergreifende Qualitätssicherung" im Vergleich zur "Qualitätsmessung aus Routinedaten". Ein direkter Vergleich am Beispiel "Dekubitus"

Quality assurance is a backbone for the provision of health care. This has lead to the introduction of systems to evaluate and improve patient care. Currently, a 29-category monitoring is mandatory for all German hospitals (EQS, Einrichtungsübergreifende Qualitätssicherung). Since 2007, the incidence rate of pressure ulcers as an indicator for quality of care has been incorporated. A concern associated with the EQS is the requirement for active data entry by doctors and nurses, whereas the US-based patient safety indicator "PSI 3 - pressure ulcer" relies on routine clinical data without the need for additional documentation. In this study, we perform a head-to-head comparison of the 2 methods and analyze the feasibility of implementing the PSI 3 system in German hospitals on the example of pressure ulcer incidence in a German academic hospital. Our analysis shows that the usage of the PSI 3 is feasible. In particular, all clinical data are readily available. Critical advantages of the PSI 3 include the low time consumption and the positive economic impact due to increased work-flow. A prerequisite for the accuracy of the PSI 3 is the careful distinction and documentation of whether a condition (in our case: pressure ulcers) is pre-existing or hospital-acquired. In this regard, the accurate documentation of admission diagnoses is a potential weakness because these are not essential for reimbursement from health insurances and thus tend to be less well documented. In the US and Australia this problem has been addressed by introducing "present on admission" tabs into patient records. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that the usage of a quality assurance system based on routinely acquired clinical data in German hospitals is feasible, and encourages further evaluation.

A new atlas for the evaluation of facial features: advantages, limits, and applicability.

Methods for the verification of the identity of offenders in cases involving video-surveillance images in criminal investigation events are currently under scrutiny by several forensic experts around the globe. The anthroposcopic, or morphological, approach based on facial features is the most frequently used by international forensic experts. However, a specific set of applicable features has not yet been agreed on by the experts. Furthermore, population frequencies of such features have not been recorded, and only few validation tests have been published. To combat and prevent crime in Europe, the European Commission funded an extensive research project dedicated to the optimization of methods for facial identification of persons on photographs. Within this research project, standardized photographs of 900 males between 20 and 31 years of age from Germany, Italy, and Lithuania were acquired. Based on these photographs, 43 facial features were described and evaluated in detail. These efforts led to the development of a new model of a morphologic atlas, called DMV atlas ("Düsseldorf Milan Vilnius," from the participating cities). This study is the first attempt at verifying the feasibility of this atlas as a preliminary step to personal identification by exploring the intra- and interobserver error. The analysis yielded mismatch percentages from 19% to 39%, which reflect the subjectivity of the approach and suggest caution in verifying personal identity only from the classification of facial features. Nonetheless, the use of the atlas leads to a significant improvement of consistency in the evaluation.

[Analysis of mortality and convergence tendencies in inpatient care of stroke and myocardial infarction]. / Analyse von Mortalitäten und Konzentrationstendenzen in der stationären Versorgung von Schlaganfall und Myokardinfarkt.

BACKGROUND: An increase in the convergence of medical services toward specialized hospitals with high case numbers as well as the effects on quality of care are often assumed to be the result of diagnosis-related groups (DRGs; case-based lump-sum reimbursement). Estimates of the extent to which these effects occur in emergency diagnoses are not available. METHODS: Claims data relating to approximately 23.6 million insured within the period 2004-2007 (inclusive) were analyzed. All cases with the main diagnosis of stroke (ICD-10: I63 and I64) and myocardial infarction (ICD-10: I21) were included in the study. RESULTS: Increasing case numbers could be observed for all entities within the period studied (myocardial infarction: +12.71%; stroke: +1.73%). The absolute increase in case numbers seems to affect those hospitals with case numbers >100 per year, whereas case numbers of hospital groups including hospitals with low case numbers per year remain unchanged or grow slower. No absolute trend in mortality could be seen. However, a disproportionate rate of mortality in hospitals with low case numbers per year for both diagnoses was observed. CONCLUSION: The convergence of emergency treatment in a few specialized centers has not yet been accelerated by the implementation of DRGs. Essentially, relative changes can be seen due to case number increases in large centers rather than because of service cutbacks and shifts from smaller hospitals. The reason for this could be the need to maintain emergency care in rural regions, while specialized centers are increasingly built in urban areas.

European Academy of Paediatrics Research in Ambulatory Setting network (EAPRASnet): a multi-national general paediatric research network for better child health.

BACKGROUND: In 2008, the European Academy of Paediatrics launched a paediatric-based research network - EAPRASnet (European Academy of Paediatrics Research in Ambulatory Setting network). The network has recruited primary care and general paediatricians from European and Mediterranean countries. METHODS: Every paediatrician joining the network has been asked to complete a recruitment survey. The aims of the survey were to characterize paediatrician's demographics, practice arrangements and patient's demographics, to define main incentives for research, and to learn what paediatricians view as unsolved issues that need to be studied. RESULTS: A total of 156 paediatricians from 19 countries were recruited with 144 completing the questionnaire (92%). Majority of respondents (89%) were general paediatricians for more than half of their time. Practice arrangement of 47% of paediatricians was solo practice, with 40% in group practice. Electronic medical records were being used by 72% of respondents. Over 70% of the paediatricians had more than 1000 patients under their clinical care, and patients younger than 6 years old contributed nearly half of the patient population. Areas of most interest for research were: quality of care indicators, communication with parents, obesity, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and effective well child care. Main incentives for participation in a research project were interest in the topic (81%) and effort to improve quality of care (71%). Lack of time was the leading reported obstacle for research activity (72%). EAPRASnet is growing, and the network's structure, operation and funding are described. Methods for joining the network and the process of study development are presented. CONCLUSION: A core group of EAP general paediatricians are committed to research in their practices. The information gathered will serve for future planning of research projects in the EAPRASnet to harmonize and optimize the care given to children in the primary care setting in Europe.

[Analysis of selection inventives for health insurances after introduction of the morbidity-oriented risk compensation scheme: an empirical analysis]. / Analyse von Selektionsanreizen für Krankenkassen nach Einführung des morbiditätsorientierten Risikostrukturausgleichs: Eine empirische Analyse.

BACKGROUND: The risk compensation scheme (RCS) in the Statutory Health Insurance (SHI) was implemented in 1994 to discourage risk selection between sickness funds. However, several expertise papers have concluded since then that the sociodemographic risk adjusters in place could not adequately curb risk selection. To minimise incentives for risk selection in the Statutory Health Insurance (SHI) further, the RCS was refined in 2009 by adding 80 diseases as additional risk adjusters. In spite of the better compensation of differences in morbidity, however, incentives for risk selection may still persist. In this study, we investigated the association of indicators such as region (number of inhabitants in the city), income, level of education and family status (children in the household) with health care costs to determine if risk selection is still attractive for sickness funds under the refined RCS. METHOD: The analysis is based on a 2002 cross-section survey comprising 75,122 individuals. Health expenditures were estimated using self-documented utilisation data and were standardised for age, sex and diagnoses covered by the risk adjustment scheme. We included costs for inpatient care, outpatient care, pharmaceuticals, rehabilitation, and medical devices. To assess the effects of the above-mentioned individual characteristics on health-care expenditure, regression analyses and analyses of variances were performed. RESULTS: Full documentation was available for 52,484 individuals (69.86%). From these the variables "family status (children in the household)", "higher educational level", and "higher income" were associated with lower costs for individuals without chronic conditions. For individuals with chronic conditions, results were mixed. "Family status", "education" and "income" showed no clear association with lower or higher costs and were not statistically significant. The variable "region" was neither significantly associated with chronically ill nor for healthy individuals. DISCUSSION: With respect to age, sex, and morbidity, individuals with high income and education and without chronic diseases apparently cause lower costs. Thus, health status, income and education remain as possible selection criteria for sickness funds in Germany. However, the refined RCS compensates for the largest proportion of cost differences between insured with and without chronic disease. Possible causes of the small but remaining differences and whether improving preventive programmes or providing awareness campaigns may be appropriate strategies to tackle this issue should be investigated in future research.

[Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm : perioperative indicators for the clinical course following conventional open surgery]. / Rupturiertes Bauchaortenaneurysma : Perioperative Prädiktoren für den klinischen Verlauf nach konventioneller offener Behandlung.

OBJECTIVES: Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (rAAA) still represent a life-threatening vascular disease, with high mortality despite improved diagnostic tools and perioperative patient management. The aim of this study was to reveal predictors of perioperative mortality and survival after open (conventional) rAAA repair. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed data from our department containing 67 patient histories and clinical notes which were collected between January 1984 and December 2004. The study patients underwent emergent surgery for rAAA. In these cases we defined 72 preoperative, 47 intraoperative, and 39 postoperative variables for further analysis. RESULTS: Our results indicate that the worst survival prognosis could be defined in patients with rAAA and aneurysmatic inclusion of the iliac arteries with concomitant prolonged shock who received an aorto-iliac bypass. For these patients we calculated a cumulative 30-day survival rate of 59.7% and 1-year survival of 43.3%. An influence of age and comorbidity on the mortality rate could not be proven. Furthermore the conclusion cannot be drawn that postoperative course was influenced by intra- vs retroperitoneal rupture localization. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that neither old patient age nor comorbidities influence the mortality of patients suffering from rAAA, for whom time-consuming case selection according to previous morbidities should therefore be omitted. Instead we recommend conventional surgical repair as soon as possible to maximize the chances of survival.

The effectiveness of various biofiltration substrates in removing bacteria, endotoxins, and dust from ventilation system exhaust from a chicken hatchery.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of various organic and organic-mineral biofilter media in purifying ventilation exhaust from a chicken hatchery room. Three different substrates were tested. Efficiency levels for the removal of dust, gram-negative bacteria, and bacterial endotoxin were recorded. The microbiological properties of the substrates were also studied. All of the biofilter substrates were highly effective in removing gram-negative bacteria, moderately effective in reducing dust levels, and only slightly effective in removing endotoxin. The substrate that was most efficient in retaining bioaerosols was the organic-mineral medium containing 20% halloysite, 40% compost, and 40% peat, which generally had at least satisfactory efficiency values for removing all of the contaminants tested.

Morphinome--proteome of the nervous system after morphine treatment.

Proteome is a natural consequence of the post-genome era when the HUGO project (Human Genome Organization) has almost been completed. Here, a specifically aimed proteome in drug dependence--morphinome, is described, including tasks, strategies and pitfalls of the methodology.