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1.
J Chem Theory Comput ; 20(4): 1753-1762, 2024 Feb 27.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37326598

ABSTRACT

This study introduces a new approach for constructing atomistic models of nanoporous carbon by randomly distributing carbon atoms and pore volumes in a periodic box and then using empirical and ab initio molecular simulation tools to find the suitable energy-minimum structures. The models, consisting of 5000, 8000, 12000, and 64000 atoms, each at mass densities of 0.5, 0.75, and 1 g/cm3, were analyzed to determine their structural characteristics and relaxed pore size distribution. Surface analysis of the pore region revealed that sp atoms exist predominantly on surfaces and act as active sites for oxygen adsorption. We also investigated the electronic and vibrational properties of the models, and localized states near the Fermi level were found to be primarily situated at sp carbon atoms through which electrical conduction may occur. Additionally, the thermal conductivity was calculated using heat flux correlations and the Green-Kubo formula, and its dependence on pore geometry and connectivity was analyzed. The behavior of the mechanical elasticity moduli (Shear, Bulk, and Young's moduli) of nanoporous carbons at the densities of interest was discussed.

2.
Nanotechnology ; 35(9)2023 Dec 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38016446

ABSTRACT

This study describes computer simulations of carbonization and graphite formation, including the effects of hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. We introduce a novel technique to simulate carbonization, 'Simulation of Thermal Emission of Atoms and Molecules (STEAM)', designed to elucidate volatile outgassing and density variations in the intermediate material during carbonization. The investigation analyzes the functional groups that endure through high-temperature carbonization and examines the graphitization processes in carbon-rich materials containing non-carbon impurity elements. The physical, vibrational, and electronic attributes of impure amorphous graphite are analyzed, and the impact of nitrogen on electronic conduction is investigated.

3.
Phys Rev Lett ; 128(23): 236402, 2022 Jun 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35749197

ABSTRACT

An amorphous graphite material has been predicted from molecular dynamics simulation using ab initio methods. Carbon materials reveal a strong proclivity to convert into a sp^{2} network and then layer at temperatures near 3000 K within a density range of ca. 2.2-2.8 g/cm^{3}. Each layer of amorphous graphite is a monolayer of amorphous graphene including pentagons and heptagons in addition to hexagons, and the planes are separated by about 3.1 Å. The layering transition has been studied using various structural and dynamical analyses. The transition is unique as one of partial ordering (long range order of planes and galleries, but topological disorder in the planes). The planes are quite flat, even though monolayer amorphous graphene puckers near pentagonal sites. Interplane cohesion is due partly to non-Van der Waals interactions. The structural disorder has been studied closely, especially the consequences of disorder to electronic transport. It is expected that the transition elucidated here may be salient to other layered materials.

4.
Phys Rev Lett ; 123(4): 045501, 2019 Jul 26.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31491265

ABSTRACT

Understanding the local atomic order in amorphous thin film coatings and how it relates to macroscopic performance factors, such as mechanical loss, provides an important path towards enabling the accelerated discovery and development of improved coatings. High precision x-ray scattering measurements of thin films of amorphous zirconia-doped tantala (ZrO_{2}-Ta_{2}O_{5}) show systematic changes in intermediate range order (IRO) as a function of postdeposition heat treatment (annealing). Atomic modeling captures and explains these changes, and shows that the material has building blocks of metal-centered polyhedra and the effect of annealing is to alter the connections between the polyhedra. The observed changes in IRO are associated with a shift in the ratio of corner-sharing to edge-sharing polyhedra. These changes correlate with changes in mechanical loss upon annealing, and suggest that the mechanical loss can be reduced by developing a material with a designed ratio of corner-sharing to edge-sharing polyhedra.

5.
Phys Chem Chem Phys ; 20(29): 19546-19551, 2018 Jul 25.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29999055

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we provide evidence that low density nano-porous amorphous carbon (a-C) consists of interconnected regions of amorphous graphene (a-G). We include experimental information in producing models, while retaining the power and accuracy of ab initio methods with no biasing assumptions. Our models are highly disordered with predominant sp2 bonding and ring connectivity mainly of sizes 5-8. The structural, dynamical and electronic signatures of our 3-D amorphous graphene are similar to those of monolayer amorphous graphene. We predict an extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) signature of amorphous graphene. Electronic density of states calculations for 3-D amorphous graphene reveal similarity to monolayer amorphous graphene and the system is non conducting.

6.
Sci Rep ; 6: 33731, 2016 Sep 22.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27652893

ABSTRACT

The general and practical inversion of diffraction data-producing a computer model correctly representing the material explored-is an important unsolved problem for disordered materials. Such modeling should proceed by using our full knowledge base, both from experiment and theory. In this paper, we describe a robust method to jointly exploit the power of ab initio atomistic simulation along with the information carried by diffraction data. The method is applied to two very different systems: amorphous silicon and two compositions of a solid electrolyte memory material silver-doped GeSe3. The technique is easy to implement, is faster and yields results much improved over conventional simulation methods for the materials explored. By direct calculation, we show that the method works for both poor and excellent glass forming materials. It offers a means to add a priori information in first-principles modeling of materials, and represents a significant step toward the computational design of non-crystalline materials using accurate interatomic interactions and experimental information.

7.
Sci Rep ; 5: 15522, 2015 Oct 22.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26490203

ABSTRACT

Materials with optimized band gap are needed in many specialized applications. In this work, we demonstrate that Hellmann-Feynman forces associated with the gap states can be used to find atomic coordinates that yield desired electronic density of states. Using tight-binding models, we show that this approach may be used to arrive at electronically designed models of amorphous silicon and carbon. We provide a simple recipe to include a priori electronic information in the formation of computer models of materials, and prove that this information may have profound structural consequences. The models are validated with plane-wave density functional calculations.

8.
Sci Rep ; 4: 3686, 2014 Jan 14.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24418896

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we show for the first time that ultrafast light illumination can induce an unusually broad transient optical absorption (TA), spanning of ≈ 200 nm in the sub-bandgap region of chalcogenide GeSe2 thin films, which we interpret as being a manifestation of creation and annihilation of light induced defects. Further, TA in ultrashort time scales show a maximum at longer wavelength, however blue shifts as time evolves, which provides the first direct evidence of the multiple decay mechanisms of these defects. Detailed global analysis of the kinetic data clearly demonstrates that two and three decay constants are required to quantitatively model the experimental data at ps and ns respectively.

9.
Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys ; 83(1 Pt 1): 012103, 2011 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21405730

ABSTRACT

For a mechanical perturbation, the microscopic response method is equivalent to and more convenient to use than the Kubo formula. When the gradient of the carrier density is small, the current density reduces to that used by Greenwood.

10.
J Phys Condens Matter ; 23(8): 085801, 2011 Mar 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21411902

ABSTRACT

Ehrenfest's theorem is used to derive the rate of change of kinetic energy induced by an external field. The expression for the power is valid for any electromagnetic field in arbitrary gauge. We discuss the applicable conditions for the Mott-Davis and Moseley-Lukes form of the Kubo-Greenwood formula (KGF) for the electrical conductivity which has been implemented in ab initio codes. We show that the conventional KGF does not satisfy gauge invariance, and is suitable only for computing the ac conductivity at sufficiently high frequency and when the gradient of the carrier density is small.

11.
Phys Rev Lett ; 104(12): 125501, 2010 Mar 26.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20366543

ABSTRACT

We show that the information gained in spectroscopic experiments regarding the number and distribution of atomic environments can be used as a valuable constraint in the refinement of the atomic-scale structures of nanostructured or amorphous materials from pair distribution function (PDF) data. We illustrate the effectiveness of this approach for three paradigmatic disordered systems: molecular C60, a-Si, and a-SiO2. Much improved atomistic models are attained in each case without any a priori assumptions regarding coordination number or local geometry. We propose that this approach may form the basis for a generalized methodology for structure "solution" from PDF data applicable to network, nanostructured and molecular systems alike.

12.
Phys Rev Lett ; 105(18): 186602, 2010 Oct 29.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21231124

ABSTRACT

We introduce a theoretical framework for computing transport coefficients for complex materials with extended states, and defect or band-tail states originating from static topological disorder. As a first example, we resolve long-standing inconsistencies between experiment and theory pertaining to the conductivity and Hall mobility for amorphous silicon and show that the Hall sign anomaly is a consequence of localized states. Next, we compute the ac conductivity of amorphous polyaniline. The method may be readily integrated with current ab initio methods.

13.
J Phys Condens Matter ; 21(8): 084207, 2009 Feb 25.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21817359

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we review a host of methods used to model amorphous materials. We particularly describe methods which impose constraints on the models to ensure that the final model meets a priori requirements (on structure, topology, chemical order, etc). In particular, we review work based on quench from the melt simulations, the 'decorate and relax' method, which is shown to be a reliable scheme for forming models of certain binary glasses. A 'building block' approach is also suggested and yields a pleading model for GeSe(1.5). We also report on the nature of vulcanization in an Se network cross-linked by As, and indicate how introducing H into an a-Si network develops into a-Si:H. We also discuss explicitly constrained methods including reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) and a novel method called 'Experimentally Constrained Molecular Relaxation'. The latter merges the power of ab initio simulation with the ability to impose external information associated with RMC.

14.
Phys Rev Lett ; 100(20): 206403, 2008 May 23.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18518560

ABSTRACT

Exponential band edges have been observed in a variety of materials, both crystalline and amorphous. In this Letter, we infer the structural origins of these tails in amorphous and defective crystalline Si by direct calculation with current ab initio methods. We find that exponential tails appear in relaxed models of diamond silicon with suitable extended defects that emerge from relaxing point defects. In amorphous silicon (a-Si), we find that structural filaments of short bonds and long bonds exist in the network, and that the tail states near the extreme edges of both band tails are also filamentary, with much localization on the structural filaments. We connect the existence of both filament systems to structural relaxation in the presence of defects and of topological disorder.

15.
Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys ; 71(5 Pt 2): 057701, 2005 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16089706

ABSTRACT

We present a technique for entropy optimization to calculate a distribution from its moments. The technique is based upon maximizing a discretized form of the Shannon entropy functional by mapping the problem onto a dual space where an optimal solution can be constructed iteratively. We demonstrate the performance and stability of our algorithm with several tests on numerically difficult functions. We then consider an electronic structure application, the electronic density of states of amorphous silica, and study the convergence of the Fermi level with increasing number of moments.

16.
Phys Rev Lett ; 88(19): 196405, 2002 May 13.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12005655

ABSTRACT

Analytic results for the asymptotic decay of the electron density matrix in insulators have been obtained in all three dimensions (D = 1,2,3) for a tight-binding model defined on a simple cubic lattice. The anisotropic decay length is shown to be dependent on the energy parameters of the model. The existence of the power-law prefactor, proportional, variant r(-D/2), is demonstrated.

17.
Phys Rev Lett ; 88(4): 046803, 2002 Jan 28.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11801151

ABSTRACT

We present an interpretation of the x-ray absorption spectra of arsenic chalcogenide glasses, As4Se4 and As2Se3, from a first-principles calculation. Our calculation identifies the atomistic origins of the observed photoemission data. The importance of structural "building blocks" present in a particular glass to the electron states is emphasized. The effects of disorder on the electronic spectra are clearly demonstrated by a significant change in the electronic density of states, originating in the breakdown of long-range order coherence in the bonding states of the building blocks. We discuss the relation between observed in situ light-induced changes and the electronic structure.

18.
J Mol Graph Model ; 17(5-6): 285-91, 330-2, 1999.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10840688

ABSTRACT

We illustrate the structure and dynamics of electron states in amorphous Si. The nature of the states near the gap at zero temperature is discussed and especially the way the structure of the states changes for energies ranging from midgap into either band tail (Anderson transition). We then study the effect of lattice vibrations on the eigenstates, and find that electronic states near the optical gap can be strongly influenced by thermal modulation of the atomic positions. Finally, we show the structure of generalized Wannier functions for amorphous Si, which are of particular interest for efficient ab initio calculation of electronic properties and forces for first principles dynamic simulation.


Subject(s)
Models, Molecular , Silicon/chemistry , Electrons , Temperature
19.
Science ; 256(5065): 1792-5, 1992 Jun 26.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17743034

ABSTRACT

First-principles calculations were performed to compare the energies of 29 different fullerene structures, with mass number from 60 to 240, and of eight nonhelical graphite tubes of different radii. A quantity called the planarity, which indicates the completeness of the pi-bonding, is the single most important parameter determining the energetics of these structures. Empirical equations were constructed for the energies of nonhelical tubes and for those fullerene structures that may be described as balls or capsules. For a given mass number, bail-shaped fullerenes are energetically favored over capsular (tube-like) fullerenes.

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