ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate childhood cancer in relation to duration of breast-feeding. SETTING: Sweden. Records from Child Healthcare Centres were scrutinised regarding information on breast-feeding and other health-related items. SUBJECTS: All children aged 0-14 y with a malignant disease (benign brain tumours included) during the time period 1988-91 (n = 962) were identified from the Swedish Cancer Register. An equal number of controls matched for sex and age were selected from the Swedish Birth Register. RESULTS: Information was obtained for 835 cases and 860 controls. Overall, duration of breast-feeding did not influence the risk for a malignant disease in this age group. However, breast-feeding > or = 1 month increased the risk for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) yielding an odds ratio (OR) 5.5 with 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-25. Breast-feeding 1 -< 6 months gave OR 5.1, CI 1.1-24 and > 6 months gave OR 7.0, CI 1.3-37 with a significant trend (P = 0.04). Adjustment for maternal and birth-related co-variates gave similar results. For other malignancies no significant changes of the risk were obtained. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, no association between duration of breast-feeding and childhood malignancies was found except for a significantly increased risk for NHL, but this was based on low numbers of cases and needs to be confirmed in other investigations.
Subject(s)
Breast Feeding , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/epidemiology , Neoplasms/epidemiology , Adolescent , Brain Neoplasms/epidemiology , Brain Neoplasms/etiology , Breast Feeding/adverse effects , Case-Control Studies , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/etiology , Male , Neoplasms/etiology , Odds Ratio , Registries , Risk Factors , Sweden/epidemiology , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Levels (microgram/g dry weight) of cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) were determined in kidneys with renal cell carcinoma from 20 male and 11 female patients. Autopsied kidneys from nine males and eight females who had died of nonmalignant diseases were used as controls. The mean levels in cortex of Cd was in cases 103.2 and in controls 79.9 (not significantly different). For non-smoking cases, mean level of Cd in cortex was somewhat lower than in the controls. No significant differences were found between cases and controls for Cd levels in the medulla. Zn in cortex was significantly lower in the cases aged > or = 69 years (mean 182.0) than in the corresponding controls (mean 237.6). Zn in medulla was significantly lower in all cases (mean 103.5) than in controls (mean 162.2). The mean level of Cu in the medulla in cases was 10.7 and in controls 13.0 (P = 0.05). No differences were found for Cu levels in cortex.