ABSTRACT
Cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) are enzymes that have emerged as attractive targets for the development of analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs. We recently reported that 1-[3-(4-octylphenoxy)-2-oxopropyl]indole-5-carboxylic acid (5) is a dual inhibitor of cPLA2α and FAAH. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed that substituents at the indole 3- and 5-positions and replacement of the indole scaffold of this compound by other heterocycles strongly influences the inhibitory potency against cPLA2α and FAAH, respectively. Herein we report the effect of variation of the 4-octyl residue of 5 and an exchange of its carboxylic acid moiety by some bioisosteric functional groups. Several of the compounds assayed were favorably active against both enzymes, and could therefore represent agents with improved analgesic and anti-inflammatory qualities in comparison with selective cPLA2 α and FAAH inhibitors.
Subject(s)
Amidohydrolases/antagonists & inhibitors , Carboxylic Acids/chemistry , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Group IV Phospholipases A2/antagonists & inhibitors , Indoles/chemistry , Amidohydrolases/metabolism , Analgesics/chemical synthesis , Analgesics/chemistry , Analgesics/pharmacology , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/chemical synthesis , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/chemistry , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Carboxylic Acids/chemical synthesis , Carboxylic Acids/pharmacology , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Group IV Phospholipases A2/metabolism , Humans , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Indole-5-carboxylic acids with 3-aryloxy-2-oxopropyl residues in position 1 were previously reported to be potent inhibitors of human cytosolic phospholipase A(2)alpha (cPLA(2)alpha). In continuation of our attempts to develop clinical active cPLA(2)alpha inhibitors, a series of structurally related indole-5-carboxylic acids with reduced lipophilicity was synthesized and tested for cPLA(2)alpha-inhibitory potency. Furthermore, the thermodynamic solubility of these compounds and their metabolic stability in rat liver microsomes were evaluated. With an IC(50) of 0.012 microM against the isolated enzyme, compound 36 was one of the most potent cPLA(2)alpha inhibitors that emerged during the structure-activity relationship study. Concomitantly, 36 possessed the highest water solubility (212 microg/mL at pH 7.4) of all new target compounds. Despite these favorable properties, peroral application of 36 (100 mg/kg) in mice only led to low concentrations of the substance in blood plasma. A very high plasma clearance was observed after intravenous administration of 36 (10 mg/kg). However, in a topical murine model of contact dermatitis, 36 showed a pronounced anti-inflammatory in vivo activity.
