Lymphatic Endothelial Cell in Endemic Bancroftian Filariasis: A Focus on the Lymphatics of the Tunica Vaginalis Testis.

BACKGROUND: In endemic areas, lymphangiectasia is the fundamental alteration to live Wuchereria bancrofti adult worms which, in adult males, are usually found in the lymphatic vessels of the spermatic cord; accordingly, hydrocele/filaricele is the most common clinical manifestation of bancroftian filariasis. The pathogenic role of the lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) and the status of mesothelial cells (MCs) samples of the parietal layer (PL) of the tunica vaginalis testis were examined. METHODS: The PL of thirty-two patients, excised for different reasons, was examined by histology and immunohistochemistry using the D2-40 monoclonal antibody for identification of LECs and CK-7 antibody for recognition of mesothelial cells (MCs). RESULTS: The most important findings were (a) marked lymphangiectasia, especially in hydroceles with minor evolution time; (b) the first report of lymphatic stomata and submesothelial lacunae in filarial acute hydrocele; (c) the likely participation of LECs in filarial granuloma; (d) the potential phenotypic transition of LECs into myofibroblasts in severe chylocele; and (e) mesothelial reactive hyperplasia, a hallmark of filaricele, varying in intensity from mild to severe, sometimes mimicking a mesothelial neoplasia. CONCLUSION: The data suggest that LECs have an active role in the pathogenesis of bancroftian hydrocele and, possibly, in other clinical forms of lymphatic filariasis.

A mechanism for chronic filarial hydrocele with implications for its surgical repair.

BACKGROUND: Chronic hydrocele is the most common manifestation of bancroftian filariasis, an endemic disease in 80 countries. In a prospective study, we evaluated the occurrence of intrascrotal lymphangiectasia, gross appearance/consistency of the testis, and the efficacy of complete excision of hydrocele sac in patients living in a bancroftian filariasis endemic area who underwent hydrocelectomy at the Center for Teaching, Research and Tertiary Referral for Bancroftian Filariasis (NEPAF). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A total of 968 patients with uni- or bilateral filarial hydrocele (Group-1) and a Comparison Group (CG) of 218 patients from the same area who already had undergone hydrocele-sac-sparing hydrocelectomy elsewhere were enrolled at NEPAF. Twenty-eight patients from the Comparison Group with hydrocele recurrence were re-operated on at NEPAF and constitute Group-2. In Group-1 a total of 1,128 hydrocelectomies were performed (mean patient age of 30.3 yr and mean follow-up of 8.6 yr [range 5.3-12]). The hydrocele recurrence rates in Group-1 and in the Comparison Group (mean age of 31.5 yr) were 0.3%, and 19.3%, respectively (p<0,001). There was no hydrocele recurrence in Group-2 (mean patient age of 25.1 yr and mean follow-up of 6 yr [range 5-6.9]). Per surgically leaking or leak-prone dilated lymphatic vessels were seen in the inner or outer surface of the hydrocele sac wall or in surrounding tissue, particularly in the retrotesticular area, in 30.9% and in 46.3% of patients in Group-1 and Group-2, respectively (p = 0.081). The testicles were abnormal in shape, volume, and consistency in 203/1,128 (18%) and 10/28 (35.7%) of patients from Group-1 and Group-2, respectively (p = 0,025). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Lymph fluid from ruptured dilated lymphatic vessels is an important component of chronic filarial hydrocele fluid that threatens the integrity of the testis in an adult population living in bancroftian filariasis endemic areas. To avoid hydrocele recurrence the authors advise complete excision of hydrocele sac and when identified, leaking or leak-prone dilated lymphatic vessels should be sutured or excised.

Feasibility and effectiveness of basic lymphedema management in Leogane, Haiti, an area endemic for bancroftian filariasis.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 14 million persons living in areas endemic for lymphatic filariasis have lymphedema of the leg. Clinical studies indicate that repeated episodes of bacterial acute dermatolymphangioadenitis (ADLA) lead to progression of lymphedema and that basic lymphedema management, which emphasizes hygiene, skin care, exercise, and leg elevation, can reduce ADLA frequency. However, few studies have prospectively evaluated the effectiveness of basic lymphedema management or assessed the role of compressive bandaging for lymphedema in resource-poor settings. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Between 1995 and 1998, we prospectively monitored ADLA incidence and leg volume in 175 persons with lymphedema of the leg who enrolled in a lymphedema clinic in Leogane, Haiti, an area endemic for Wuchereria bancrofti. During the first phase of the study, when a major focus of the program was to reduce leg volume using compression bandages, ADLA incidence was 1.56 episodes per person-year. After March 1997, when hygiene and skin care were systematically emphasized and bandaging discouraged, ADLA incidence decreased to 0.48 episodes per person-year (P<0.0001). ADLA incidence was significantly associated with leg volume, stage of lymphedema, illiteracy, and use of compression bandages. Leg volume decreased in 78% of patients; over the entire study period, this reduction was statistically significant only for legs with stage 2 lymphedema (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Basic lymphedema management, which emphasized hygiene and self-care, was associated with a 69% reduction in ADLA incidence. Use of compression bandages in this setting was associated with an increased risk of ADLA. Basic lymphedema management is feasible and effective in resource-limited areas that are endemic for lymphatic filariasis.

Diethylcarbamazine and non-diethylcarbamazine related bancroftian granuloma: an immunohistochemical study of eosinophil toxic proteins.

It has been suggested, mostly using in vitro experiments, that defenses against parasites involve mainly activated eosinophils and their toxic proteins, such as major basic protein (MBP), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO). Eosinophil degranulation has been described around degenerating onchocercal microfilariae in patients treated with diethylcarbamazine (DEC). In bancroftian filariasis, traditional histopathologic studies have shown remarkable numbers of eosinophils in granulomatous lesions associated with both DEC-induced and spontaneous death of adult Wuchereria bancrofti parasites. No immunohistochemical study targeting eosinophil degranulation has been previously performed in these granulomas, which are found mainly within intrascrotal lymphatic vessels. This investigation was undertaken in 22 (12 DEC-treated and 10 untreated) male patients in order to determine the immunohistochemical expressions of MBP, EPO and ECP in bancofitian granulomas, using the indirect method. Stained intact esosinophils, as well as granular, extra-cellular material positive for all three proteins, were found in all granulomas. The immunohistochemical patterns were similar in both DEC-treated and untreated cases, irrespective of microfilaremia, blood eosinophilia, and granuloma age. Positive intact cells were observed mostly at the periphery of the granulomas, whereas granular material predominated in central areas around dead or degenerating parasites. These results indicate that eosinophils accumulate in the granulomas and degranulate preferentially in close proximity to degenerating or dead adult parasites. In bancroftian granulomas, influx and degranulation of eosinophils are considered a consequence of parasite death, rather than its cause.

[Paradigm shift in bancroftian filariasis]. / Mudanças de paradigmas na filariose bancroftiana.

The way a particular subject is understood changes over time as a result of scientific research. In most cases, these changes are minor, with limited effect on the overall knowledge on the subject. Sometimes, however, revolutionary changes occur and not only modify the understanding of the subject but open perspectives that can trigger new interpretations and new ways for expansion of scientific knowledge. The studies of Gregor Johann Mendel were a good example. They led to discovery of the laws of inheritance which, in turn, have revolutionized biology and provided the foundation for genetics. In certain situations, changes not only alter ways of thinking, but have practical implications, also improving the quality of life for many people. In his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Thomas Kuhn refers to discontinuities in scientific development as a 'change of paradigm', a term now used in a generic manner to describe a profound changes in our reference points. For lymphatic filariasis the old paradigm stated that Wuchereria bancrofti at the adult stage causes lymphatic vessel obstruction, triggering an inevitable immune response in predisposed individuals and leading to elephantiasis. This has been replaced by a new paradigm, which offers hope that W. bancrofti infection does not necessarily predispose to the disfiguring outward manifestation of lymphatic dysfunction. Repeated secondary bacterial infections (erysipela-like) are now recognized as the most important factor for initiation and progression of chronic lymphedema in individuals living in filariasis-endemic areas. Most inhabitants of endemic communities can prevent and minimize the acute bacterial episodes by regular use of soap and water, the simplest form of hygiene already well known to human beings.

Intrascrotal nodules in adult men as a marker for filarial granuloma in a bancroftian filariasis-endemic area.

A retrospective study was undertaken in Recife, Brazil to evaluate the specificity of intrascrotal nodules detected by physical examination as a marker of dead or degenerating adult Wuchereria bancrofti worms (filarial granuloma). A total of 372 nodules from 340 adult male patients (mean age 23.1 years) were studied. Of those, 253 (68%) nodules were from 226 patients treated with antifilarial drugs (Group 1) and 119 (32%) nodules were considered non-drug related and were obtained from 114 patients (Group 2). On histologic examination, all nodules from Group 1 and all but one (99.1%) from Group 2 contained degenerated or dead adult worms. In the one case without filarial granuloma, ectopic cortical adrenal tissue was found in the spermatic cord. These findings emphasize the high specificity of intrascrotal nodules for bancroftian granuloma and draw attention to the importance of examining the scrotal contents of young men in studies of antifilarial drug efficacy. These findings also have potential implications for bancroftian filariasis control programs.

Mudanças de paradigmas na filariose bancroftiana / Paradigm shift in bancroftian filariasis

Ao longo do tempo, a maneira como se entende um determinado assunto passa por modificações através da pesquisa científica. Na maioria das vezes, essas mudanças causam pequenas diferenças na estrutura total do tópico em questão. Outras vezes, entretanto, ocorrem mudanças revolucionárias que não só alteram a compreensão do assunto em si, mas promovem a abertura de diferentes perspectivas que podem desencadear o início de novas etapas de interpretações e de novos caminhos de conhecimento. Exemplo disso foram os estudos de Gregor Johann Mendel que levaram à descoberta de leis da hereditariedade que, por sua vez, revolucionaram a biologia e traçaram as bases da genética. Em algumas situações, as mudanças não só modificam a forma de pensar, mas também têm implicações práticas ao melhorar a qualidade de vida de muitos seres humanos. No seu livro A Estrutura de Revoluções Científicas, Thomas Kuhn se refere às ruturas nessa evolução científica como "mudanças de paradigma", um termo que hoje é usado de uma forma genérica para descrever uma modificação profunda em nossos pontos de referência. O paradigma de que o estágio adulto da Wuchereria bancrofti causava a obstrução do vaso linfático e desencadeava uma reação imunológica inevitável em indivíduos predispostos, provocando a elefantíase, foi substituído pela esperança de que ser infectado não mais significa, necessariamente, ser um potencial portador da forma mais deformante da disfunção linfática. A infecção bacteriana secundária de repetição (semelhante clinicamente à erisipela) é hoje reconhecida como o fator mais importante para a instalação e a progressão do linfedema crônico, nos indivíduos que vivem em áreas endêmicas de filariose linfática. Evitar ou minimizar os episódios agudos bacterianos é um processo factível para a maioria dos habitantes das comunidades endêmicas, através do uso regular de água e sabão: a forma mais simples de higiene já conhecida pelo ser humano.

The way a particular subject is understood changes over time as a result of scientific research. In most cases, these changes are minor, with limited effect on the overall knowledge on the subject. Sometimes, however, revolutionary changes occur and not only modify the understanding of the subject but open perspectives that can trigger new interpretations and new ways for expansion of scientific knowledge. The studies of Gregor Johann Mendel were a good example. They led to discovery of the laws of inheritance which, in turn, have revolutionized biology and provided the foundation for genetics. In certain situations, changes not only alter ways of thinking, but have practical implications, also improving the quality of life for many people. In his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Thomas Kuhn refers to discontinuities in scientific development as a "change of paradigm", a term now used in a generic manner to describe a profound changes in our reference points. For lymphatic filariasis the old paradigm stated that Wuchereria bancrofti at the adult stage causes lymphatic vessel obstruction, triggering an inevitable immune response in predisposed individuals and leading to elephantiasis. This has been replaced by a new paradigm, which offers hope that W. bancrofti infection does not necessarily predispose to the disfiguring outward manifestation of lymphatic dysfunction. Repeated secondary bacterial infections (erysipela-like) are now recognized as the most important factor for initiation and progression of chronic lymphedema in individuals living in filariasis-endemic areas. Most inhabitants of endemic communities can prevent and minimize the acute bacterial episodes by regular use of soap and water, the simplest form of hygiene already well known to human beings.

[The complexity of the socioeconomic costs of lymphatic filariasis]. / A complexidade do custo socioeconômico da filariose linfática.

Lack of knowledge of the socioeconomic impact of various diseases is generally one of the biggest obstacles to obtaining funds for investment in applied research and for starting to implement control programs that are needed in developing countries. The authors analyze and emphasize important aspects of the complexity of quantifying the socioeconomic impact of lymphatic filariasis. They highlight the gaps that exist within some fields of knowledge and that these gaps have still not been properly explored with regard to individuals with this disease. They bring together the data in the literature and echoes from their own experience gained through caring for patients with Bancroftian infection and disease at a tertiary referral service (NEPAF--Filariasis Care, Research and Teaching Center, Recife, Brazil). The social impact, in its broadest sense, consists of strong indications of losses of quality of life among patients. Unfortunately, this is still poorly documented and, up to a certain point, very difficult to quantify because of the very particular social abandonment of the endemic communities.

A complexidade do custo socioeconômico da filariose linfática / The complexity of the socioeconomic costs of lymphatic filariasis

A falta de conhecimento do impacto socioeconômico das diversas doenças é, geralmente, um dos maiores obstáculos para a obtenção de verbas para investimentos em pesquisa aplicada, assim como para iniciar a implementação de programas de controle necessários aos países em desenvolvimento. Os autores analisam e ressaltam aspectos relevantes da complexidade de quantificação do impacto socioeconômico da filariose linfática e enfatizam as lacunas existentes em algumas áreas do conhecimento, que ainda não foram devidamente exploradas para os portadores da doença. Aos dados de literatura aliam os ecos do aprendizado adquirido através do atendimento de pacientes portadores de infecção e doença bancroftiana em serviço terciário de referência do Núcleo de Ensino Pesquisa e Assistência em Filariose (NEPAF), Recife, Brasil. O impacto social, no seu sentido mais abrangente, mostra indícios fortes de perdas na qualidade de vida dos pacientes, infelizmente ainda pouco documentadas e, até certo ponto, de muito difícil contabilização, pelo tão peculiar abandono social das comunidades endêmicas.

Lack of knowledge of the socioeconomic impact of various diseases is generally one of the biggest obstacles to obtaining funds for investment in applied research and for starting to implement control programs that are needed in developing countries. The authors analyze and emphasize important aspects of the complexity of quantifying the socioeconomic impact of lymphatic filariasis. They highlight the gaps that exist within some fields of knowledge and that these gaps have still not been properly explored with regard to individuals with this disease. They bring together the data in the literature and echoes from their own experience gained through caring for patients with Bancroftian infection and disease at a tertiary referral service (NEPAF - Filariasis Care, Research and Teaching Center, Recife, Brazil). The social impact, in its broadest sense, consists of strong indications of losses of quality of life among patients. Unfortunately, this is still poorly documented and, up to a certain point, very difficult to quantify because of the very particular social abandonment of the endemic communities.

Preliminary observations on fluids incubated with Wuchereria bancrofti using the immunochromatographic test.

To assess the performance of the immunochromatographic test for filariasis, adult Wuchereria bancrofti worms were incubated under different conditions. The tests were strongly positive with incubation fluids from both living and mechanically damaged females. Negative results were observed with incubation fluids from all male worms and from intact dead females.

Preliminary observations on fluids incubated with Wuchereria bancrofti using the immunochromatographic test / Observações preliminares de fluidos incubados com Wuchereria bancrofti usando o teste imunocromatográfico

To assess the performance of the immunochromatographic test for filariasis, adult Wuchereria bancrofti worms were incubated under different conditions. The tests were strongly positive with incubation fluids from both living and mechanically damaged females. Negative results were observed with incubation fluids from all male worms and from intact dead females.

Para a valiar o desempenho do teste imunocromatográfico para filariose, vermes adultos de Wuchereria bancrofti foram incubados em diferentes condições. Os testes foram fortemente positivos com fluidos de incubação de fêmeas vivas e danificadas mecanicamente. Resultados negativos foram obtidos com fluidos de todos os machos e de fêmeas mortas intactas.

[Aspects of the social realities of children and adolescents seen at a reference service for bancroftian filariasis in Recife, state of Pernambuco]. / Aspectos da realidade social de crianças e adolescentes atendidos em serviço de referência para filariose bancroftiana, Recife, estado de Pernambuco.

The authors report on aspects of the social realities of children and adolescents living in Jaboatão dos Guararapes, State of Pernambuco, who were diagnosed with Bancroftian filariasis infection and were treated at the Filariasis Teaching, Research and Care Center of the Federal University of Pernambuco (Health Sciences Center), which is a tertiary-level reference service for filariasis. The patients' housing conditions were quantified and classified as subhuman, with a direct relationship with the maintenance of Bancroftian filariasis transmission, and the authors highlight the need for political decisions regarding the implementation of basic sanitation projects.

Aspectos da realidade social de crianças e adolescentes atendidos em serviço de referência para filariose bancroftiana, Recife, estado de Pernambuco / Aspects of the social realities of children and adolescents seen at a reference service for bancroftian filariasis in Recife, state of Pernambuco

Os autores abordam aspectos da realidade social de crianças e adolescentes residentes em Jaboatão dos Guararapes/PE, diagnosticados como portadores de infecção filarial bancroftiana e tratados no Núcleo de Ensino, Pesquisa e Assistência em Filariose da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (Centro de Ciências da Saúde), um serviço terciário de referência para filariose. Quantificam e classificam as condições de moradia como subumanas, estando em relação direta com a manutenção da transmissão da bancroftose, e alertam para a necessidade de decisão política quanto à implementação de obras de saneamento básico.

The authors report on aspects of the social realities of children and adolescents living in Jaboatão dos Guararapes, State of Pernambuco, who were diagnosed with Bancroftian filariasis infection and were treated at the Filariasis Teaching, Research and Care Center of the Federal University of Pernambuco (Health Sciences Center), which is a tertiary-level reference service for filariasis. The patients’ housing conditions were quantified and classified as subhuman, with a direct relationship with the maintenance of Bancroftian filariasis transmission, and the authors highlight the need for political decisions regarding the implementation of basic sanitation projects.

Sensitivity of the immunochromatographic card test relative to detection of adult Wuchereria bancrofti worms by ultrasound.

The diagnosis of active infection in bancroftian filariasis continues to pose an important and continuously evolving challenge to filariasis-endemic countries and to health personnel. Sensitivity of the immunochromatographic card test (ICT) relative to detection of adult Wuchereria bancrofti worms by ultrasound was evaluated in a retrospective study conducted in the Center for Teaching, Research and Tertiary Referral Hospital for bancroftian filariasis (Federal University of Pernambuco) in Recife, Brazil. The results showed that among 408 persons tested, the overall sensitivity of the ICT was 84.5% and varied from 52% to 100% when patients were grouped by different criteria (age, sex, presence or absence of living adult worms by ultrasound, microfilaremia status/density). The present study provides evidence that a negative antigen result should be interpreted cautiously and may help to explain the different sensitivities of the antigen test found by different investigators in settings with different transmission intensities.

[Chyluria]. / Quilúria.

The rupture or fistulization of lymph vessels into the urinary system, known as chyluria (milky urine), is caused mainly by bancroftian filariasis. On rare occasions chyluria may also be caused by neoplasia, lymphatic malformation, abdominal trauma, as well as other infectious diseases such as tuberculosis. The authors proposed general guidelines to manage patients suffering from milky urine in Bancroftian filariasis endemic and non-endemic areas. They emphasized the importance of a careful diagnostic process accomplished using screening procedures, evaluating a detailed history of illness and performing a careful physical examination, targeting on the most suitable diagnostic tools for each case. In addition, they emphasized the need to manage the patient from a broader perspective, which goes beyond the medical aspect, involving also social and nutritional contexts. In the great majority of cases, controlling chyluria is fundamentally based on patient education and adjustment to a low lipid, high protein diet in addition to increased fluid intake.

Quilúria / Chyluria

A ruptura ou fistulização de vasos linfáticos para o interior do sistema excretor urinário dá origem à quilúria, que tem na bancroftose a sua principal etiologia. Pode ser, raramente, também causada por neoplasia, malformação linfática, traumatismo abdominal, assim como outras doenças infecciosas como a tuberculose. Os autores propõem as diretrizes gerais para a condução do portador de "urina leitosa" em áreas endêmicas e não endêmicas de filariose bancroftiana. Ressaltam a importância dos exames de triagem e de outros mais sofisticados para uma investigação etiológica a partir da realização de anamnese e de exame físico criteriosos. Enfatizam a necessidade de que a doença deve ser conduzida através de uma abordagem mais abrangente, que compreenda, além da médica, a assistência social e a nutricional. Na grande maioria dos casos, o controle da quilúria está basicamente fundamentado na educação e na adequação do paciente a uma dieta hipolipídica/hiperprotéica e rica em líquidos.

The rupture or fistulization of lymph vessels into the urinary system, known as chyluria (milky urine), is caused mainly by bancroftian filariasis. On rare occasions chyluria may also be caused by neoplasia, lymphatic malformation, abdominal trauma, as well as other infectious diseases such as tuberculosis. The authors proposed general guidelines to manage patients suffering from milky urine in Bancroftian filariasis endemic and non-endemic areas. They emphasized the importance of a careful diagnostic process accomplished using screening procedures, evaluating a detailed history of illness and performing a careful physical examination, targeting on the most suitable diagnostic tools for each case. In addition, they emphasized the need to manage the patient from a broader perspective, which goes beyond the medical aspect, involving also social and nutritional contexts. In the great majority of cases, controlling chyluria is fundamentally based on patient education and adjustment to a low lipid, high protein diet in addition to increased fluid intake.

[Hope Clubs as adjunct therapeutic measure in bancroftian filariasis endemic areas]. / Terapia complementar em área endêmica de filariose bancroftiana, pelos Clubes da Esperança.

In 1997 the World Health Organization announced an ambitious project called the Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis, as a Public Health Problem. The program is based on two pillars: interruption of transmission and morbidity control. Experience in Recife, Brazil, an endemic area for bancroftian filariasis, showed that an innovative approach called Hope Clubs, can equip lymphedema patients with the skills, motivation, and enthusiasm to sustain effective, low-cost and convenient self-care to prevent acute skin bacterial episodes and milky urine in the case of chyluria carriers. They feel they are not alone, they regain their potential for productive work and are able to amplify these activities throughout filariasis-endemic communities.

Interdigital skin lesions of the lower limbs among patients with lymphoedema in an area endemic for bancroftian filariasis.

OBJECTIVES: An estimated 15 million persons suffer from lymphoedema of the leg in filariasis-endemic areas of the world. A major factor in the progression of lymphoedema severity is the incidence of acute dermatolymphangioadenitis (ADLA), which is triggered by bacteria that gain entry through damaged skin, especially in the toe web spaces ('interdigital skin lesions'). Little is known about the epidemiology of these skin lesions or about patients' awareness of them. METHODS: We interviewed and examined 119 patients (89% women) with lymphoedema of the leg in Recife, Brazil, an area endemic for bancroftian filariasis. RESULTS: We detected 412 interdigital skin lesions in 115 (96.6%) patients (mean, 3.5 lesions per patient, range 0-8). The number of interdigital skin lesions was significantly associated with lymphoedema stage (P<0.001) and frequency of ADLA (P<0.0001). Only 20 (16.8%) patients detected their own interdigital skin lesions or considered them abnormal. Patients reported a mean of 3.6 ADLA episodes during the previous 12 months (range, 0-20); reported ADLA incidence was associated with lymphoedema stage (P<0.0001) and the number of interdigital skin lesions detected by the examining physician (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that interdigital skin lesions are a significant risk factor for ADLA and that persons with lymphoedema in filariasis-endemic areas are unaware of their presence or importance. Prevention of ADLA through prompt recognition and treatment of interdigital skin lesions will require that patients be taught to identify lesions, especially between the toes and to recognize them as abnormal.

Elefantíase em área de filariose bancroftiana: o lado humano da doença / Elephantiasis in an endemic area for bancroftian filariasis: the human side of the disease

Neste trabalho, a filariose bancroftiana é apresentada com uma visão humanizadora, tendo como ponto de partida os sentimentos manifestados pelas pessoas com elefantíase que procuraram ajuda no Núcleo de Ensino Pesquisa e Assistência em Filariose (NEPAF-CCS/UFPE). Há um enfoque particular nas devastadoras repercussões psicossociais resultantes das características físicas e emocionais de seus portadores. A abordagem holística profissional é sugerida como um caminho para melhor entender a doença, por incorporar as múltiplas facetas da realidade humana para o enriquecimento do conhecimento científico. A recuperação do exercício da cidadania e da dignidade humana é vista como uma poderosa estratégia para acabar com o preconceito e estimular a ação social responsável. O sinergismo que é criado quando pacientes conseguem compartilhar suas experiências nas reuniões do Clube da Esperança pode possibilitar a multiplicação do conhecimento em progressão geométrica. Os Clubes da Esperança são um poderoso instrumento para gerar ações dirigidas à inclusão social das pessoas com elefantíase.

Terapia complementar em área endêmica de filariose bancroftiana, pelos Clubes da Esperança / Hope Clubs as adjunct therapeutic measure in bancroftian filariasis endemic areas

Em 1997, a Organização Mundial de Saúde anunciou um ambicioso projeto de eliminação global da filariose linfática como problema de saúde pública. Esse projeto baseia-se em dois pilares: interrupção da transmissão e controle da morbidade. Experiência em Recife-Brasil, área endêmica de filariose bancroftiana, mostrou que a criação pioneira de Clubes da Esperança pode contribuir, a baixo custo, como terapia coadjuvante importante na melhoria da qualidade de vida dos portadores de linfedema e de quilúria. Os pacientes compreendem os fundamentos básicos e os utilizam na prevenção dos episódios agudos bacterianos de pele (erisipelas) e na manutenção da urina sem o componente quiloso. Eles sentem que não estão sós e, através de ações especializadas e do trabalho em grupo, readquirem o potencial para o trabalho produtivo, realizando também mudanças substancialmente positivas dentro de suas comunidades, agindo, assim, como amplificadores do processo.

In 1997 the World Health Organization announced an ambitious project called the Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis, as a Public Health Problem. The program is based on two pillars: interruption of transmission and morbidity control. Experience in Recife, Brazil, an endemic area for bancroftian filariasis, showed that an innovative approach called Hope Clubs, can equip lymphedema patients with the skills, motivation, and enthusiasm to sustain effective, low-cost and convenient self-care to prevent acute skin bacterial episodes and milky urine in the case of chyluria carriers. They feel they are not alone, they regain their potential for productive work and are able to amplify these activities throughout filariasis-endemic communities.