Subject(s)
Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Nutritional Requirements , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Cholesterol, Dietary/metabolism , Dietary Carbohydrates/metabolism , Dietary Fats/metabolism , Dietary Proteins/metabolism , Energy Metabolism , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Minerals/metabolism , Trace Elements/metabolism , Vitamins/metabolismSubject(s)
Diet , Energy Intake , Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Nutritional Requirements , Nutritive Value , Adolescent , Child , Child Development , Child, Preschool , Energy Metabolism , Female , Humans , Infant , MaleABSTRACT
Using the formula of Haycock et al. development of body surface area was calculated in children according to the results of the Dortmund longitudinal growth study. Form birth to the 16th year of life the increase in mean body surface area amounts to 1.49 m2 in boys and 1.39 m2 in girls. Development of body surface area does not follow a Gaussian distribution. The presentation of the development of body surface area as percentiles allow a clearer and an easier application for the clinical use.
Subject(s)
Body Surface Area , Growth , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Mathematics , Reference Values , Sex FactorsABSTRACT
Human milk from different periods of lactation was analysed. The following constituents of 100 g human milk decrease from the 1st week to the 2nd-3rd month of lactation: protein from 1.57 to 0.81 g, ash from 0.36 to 0.21 g, sodium from 54.4 to 13.1 mg, potassium from 63.6 to 48.1 mg, chloride from 109.8 to 39.1 mg and sulfur from 28.0 to 11.9 mg. There are no significant changes during lactation for calcium with 28.8-25.6 mg and for magnesium with 3.3 mg. The concentration of phosphorus increases during the first week of lactation from 8 to 12 mg/100 g and remains at this level. Zinc decreases from 642 to 166 micrograms milk during lactation. The concentration of manganese is between 1.1 to 1.8 micrograms. The almost similar concentration of iron and copper increases during the first 14 days of lactation from 48.4 to 62.2 micrograms and 45.8 to 66.9 micrograms respectively, and then decreases to 26.0 and 30.7 micrograms respectively in the 2nd-3rd month of lactation. During the period of lactation there is an increase for lactose from 4.9 to 6.1 g and for total-thiamin from 10.1 to 284 micrograms/100 ml.
Subject(s)
Lactose/analysis , Milk, Human/analysis , Minerals/analysis , Proteins/analysis , Thiamine/analysis , Trace Elements/analysis , Female , HumansABSTRACT
For 2-14 year old children the intake of the trace elements zinc, manganese, copper, fluoride, iodine, selen, and of the heavy metals, lead, cadmium and mercury is calculated from their food intake. The results give a representative statement of the average supply of trace elements and of the average intake of heavy metals with the diet of children in the Federal Republic of Germany. It is shown that the choice of foodstuffs for the diet has an important influence on the supply of trace elements.
Subject(s)
Food Analysis , Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Trace Elements/analysis , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Metals/analysis , Nutritional RequirementsABSTRACT
From 1968-78 a longitudinal study was performed concerning development of lengths of trunk, hand, forearm, upper arm, whole arm, lower leg, thigh and whole leg in 709 healthy boys and 711 girls aged 2,5 to 15 years. In boys the mean increase in lengths of trunk amounted to 17.7 cm, of hand to 8.1 cm, of forearm to 12.2 cm, of upper arm to 16.1 cm, of whole arm to 36.8 cm of lower leg to 21.5 cm, of thigh to 27.3 cm, and of whole leg to 54.0 cm. The corresponding lengths in girls amounted in 16.9 cm, 7.2 cm, 11.0 cm, 14.0 cm, 32.6 cm, 18.7 cm, 24.5 cm, and 46.4 cm. Lengths investigated increase almost linearly between 3 and 11 years of age both in boys and girls. Beginning with 12 years boys have an increased development of all lengths when compared with girls.
Subject(s)
Growth , Adolescent , Age Factors , Arm/growth & development , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Forearm/growth & development , Hand/growth & development , Humans , Leg/growth & development , Male , Reference Values , Sex FactorsABSTRACT
From 1968--1978 a longitudinal study was performed concerning development of shoulder and thorax breadths, thorax depth, breadths of hand, pelvis, humeral and femoral epicondylus in 709 boys and 711 girls aged 2.5 to 15 years. During time studied mean increases in boys amounted in shoulder breadth to 15.1 cm, in thorax breadth to 9.8 cm, in thorax depth to 6.6 cm, in hand breadth to 3.1 cm, in breadths of pelvis I to 10.9 cm, of pelvis II to 8.5 cm, in breadth of humeral epicondylus 2.5 cm and of femoral epicondylus 3.5 cm. The corresponding data in girls amounted to 14.0 cm, 8.0 cm 4.8 cm, 2.5 cm, 11.0 cm, 8.0 cm, 2.0 cm and 2.9 cm. The parameter measured developed both in boys and girls almost linearly until year 12. Beginning with year 13, development of breadths increased in boys are remained unchanged in girls. Development of breadth in boys was always increased compared with girls except pelvic breadth I.
Subject(s)
Anthropometry , Growth , Adolescent , Age Factors , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Reference Values , Sex FactorsABSTRACT
From 1968--1978 a longitudinal study was performed concerning development of acromial, radial, styleoideal, daktylion, ileospinal, tibial and medial malleolus heights in 709 boys and 711 girls aged 2.5 to 15 years. During time studied, mean increases in boys amounted in acromial height to 70.0 cm, in radial height to 53.8 cm, in styleoideal height to 41.5 cm, in daktylion height to 33.4 cm in ileospinal height to 52.0 cm, in tibial height to 25.4 cm and in medial malleolus height to 3.8 cm. Corresponding data in girls amounted to 62.8 cm, 49.3 cm, 42.4 cm, 31.2 cm, 46,7 cm, 22.4 and 3.2 cm. Boys had a more intensive development of heights than girls except for styleoideal height. The heights measured developed almost linearly in boys and girls 4 to 10 years old. Development of heights decreased in 11 and 12 years old boys and increased again with year 13. In girls, intensity of growth decreased beginning with year 13.
Subject(s)
Body Height , Growth , Adolescent , Anthropometry , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Sex FactorsABSTRACT
From 1968-1978 weight, height and thickness of triceps-, subscapular-, and suprailiacal skinfolds were longitudinally investigated in 1593 healthy children. Thickness of the three skinfolds measured was indicated as sum. Weight and sum of skinfold thickness were related to height and represented in form of a somatogram. Development of body weight and skinfold thickness does not follow a gaussian distribution. Therefore it was necessary to express the 2-sigma deviation asymmetrically. The somatogram represents the physical development of healthy infants and children in West Germany. The combination of a height/weight/skinfold thickness somatogram permits to differentiate between overweight and overnutrition.
Subject(s)
Obesity/diagnosis , Adolescent , Body Height , Body Weight , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Mathematics , Reference Values , Skinfold ThicknessABSTRACT
From 1968-1980 the development of blood pressure and pulse frequency in 221 healthy boys and 230 healthy girls aged 2-16 years was studied longitudinally. An automatic blood pressure device recording on a paper tape pulse frequence as well was used. Systolic readings are taken at the first appearance, diastolic readings at the disappearance of the Korotkoff sounds. A steady increase of the systolic, and to a lesser extent, of the diastolic pressure can be observed. Boys have a more pronouned increase of systolic pressure than girls. From year 2-16 the 50th percentile increases from 90 mm Hg to 128 mm Hg in boys and from 92 mmHg to 116 mm Hg in girls. The 50th percentile of diastolic pressure increases from 61 to 66 mm Hg in boys and 65 to 71 mm Hg in girls. Pulse frequency of boys is comparable to that of girls. The 50th percentile decreases from 100 to 75 beats. Increasing age is paralleled by decreasing pulse frequency.
Subject(s)
Blood Pressure , Pulse , Adolescent , Age Factors , Blood Pressure Determination , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Reference Values , Sex FactorsABSTRACT
Vitamin intake (retinol, carotene, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, ascorbic acid) of 2--14 year old children living at home is reported. The vitamin supply corresponds with the recommendations of the committees for nutrition of the Federal Republic of Germany, of the German Democratic Republic, of the United Kingdom and of USA. The vitamin intake of the children is in the same range with the vitamin intake of children in similar European countries. Children in USA get more vitamins with their diet. There are more foodstuffs with added vitamins in USA than in Europe. The children observed by us received with their warm midday meals 40--60% of their daily vitamin intake. Determinations of the mean vitamin intake for an individual child need longer observation periods (6--8 weeks) than determinations for other nutrients. With a mixed well-composed diet children have a good supply with vitamins.
Subject(s)
Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Vitamins , Adolescent , Age Factors , Ascorbic Acid , Carotenoids , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Nicotinic Acids , Nutritional Requirements , Riboflavin , Thiamine , Vitamin ASubject(s)
Calcium/metabolism , Magnesium/metabolism , Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Nutritional Requirements , Phosphorus/metabolism , Adolescent , Age Factors , Animals , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Milk , Sex FactorsABSTRACT
From 1968--1978 a longitudinal study was performed concerning development of height, weight and skinfold thickness in 709 boys and 711 girls 1.5--16 years old. Increase in height during time studied amounted to 92 cm in boys and 82 cm in girls. Mean increases in weight amounted to 49.3 kg and 41.2 kg respectively. Boys had highest increase in growth from 13 to 15 years, girls from 11 to 13 years. Skinfold has been thicker in girls than in boys. Triceps Skinfolds had been ped wave-like in both sexes. Following an unchanged decreased phase, the skinfolds remaining developed its thickness constantly. The phase of stagnation paralleled time of highest increase in growth.
Subject(s)
Growth , Adolescent , Age Factors , Body Height , Body Weight , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Germany, West , Humans , Infant , Male , Puberty , Sex Factors , Skinfold ThicknessABSTRACT
From 1968--1978 a longitudinal study was performed concerning development of thorax, upper arm, thigh and calf circumferences in 709 boys and 711 girls 2--15 years old. In boys the mean increase in thoracic circumference amounted to 32.9 cm, in upper are circumference to 8.3 cm, in thigh circumference to 20.6 cm and in calf circumference to 13.0 cm. The corresponding circumferences in girls amounted to 30 cm, 7.9 cm, 22.4 cm and 12.7 cm. In boys the circumferences developed almost linearly until year 15. Girls had the same linear development until year 13. Between years 14 and 15 girls had in increased development of all circumferences studied.
Subject(s)
Anthropometry , Growth , Adolescent , Arm/anatomy & histology , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Leg/anatomy & histology , Male , Sex Factors , Thigh/anatomy & histology , Thorax/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
From 1974--1977 anthropometric investigations were performed in 173 healthy infants during the first year of life. Weight, height, skinfold thickness, head-, chest-, and abdominal circumferences had been measured as parameters for growth. Birth weight increased ceased threefold on 12th month in males only. There is no difference in the increase of height in males and females. Width of skinfold thickness increases rapidly until month 5, except abdominal skinfold. A radual decrease follows thereafter. The difference in decreasing velocity of skinfold thickness indicates changes in distribution of subcutaneous fat tissue during infancy. Growth of head-, chest-, and abdominal circumferences of males are similar to that of females.
Subject(s)
Growth , Infant , Abdomen/anatomy & histology , Birth Weight , Body Height , Body Weight , Female , Head/anatomy & histology , Humans , Male , Sex Factors , Skinfold Thickness , Thorax/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
10,126 determinations of hemoglobin concentration, 10,055 of hematocrit and 4,420 of serum iron were performed in 7,753 infants and children aged 1 month to 16 years to give normal values for this period in a large town. Both, concentrations of hemoglobin and hematocrit decreased during the 3rd and 8th month. The first decrease in serum iron level appeared later in month 4, the time of the second fall was identical with that of hemoglobin and hematocrit. In females, a third decrease of iron levels appeared with 13 years. Between the 2nd and 8th year of life, a period of instable iron nutriture became apparent. Concentrations of hemoglobin, hematocrit as well as serum iron depend on age. 0.4% of males and females showed a deficient concentration of hemoglobin. 2.9% of males and 1.1% of females had a low, nonacceptable hemoglobin value. Iron deficiency occurred in 8.5% of males and in 8.3% of females. It is probable that the number of children with a pre-latent or latent iron deficiency is much higher.
Subject(s)
Hematocrit , Hemoglobins/analysis , Iron/blood , Adolescent , Age Factors , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Iron Deficiencies , Male , Sex Factors , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
Obesity in infancy is accompanied by an increase in number and size of adipose cells. These changes in adipose tissue are due to a false relation of nutrient intake to physical activity. Obesity is not caused by an increased nutrient intake alone, since our long-term investigations have shown obese children to take in 300 kcal per day more than normal children. Fat intake of obese children is slightly enhanced. An exact method for estimation of obesity is the measurement of triceps, subscapular and suprailiacal skinfold. With this method used in 12,000 children during the period 1970--1977 we could detect a frequency of obesity of 15% in children 3--6 years old and of 25% in children aged 6--14 years. Extreme obesity is recommended for treatment in a hospital. The moderate forms of obesity should be treated by the paediatrician with a reduction of calories, clear recommendations of the nutrient amount and education to regularity.
Subject(s)
Obesity/metabolism , Adipose Tissue/pathology , Adolescent , Child , Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Energy Metabolism , Female , Humans , Male , Skinfold ThicknessABSTRACT
The results of energy and nutrient consumption surveys of 2--14 year old children in their families are described. It is shown that the average energy and nutrient consumption of an age-group is not obligatory for a single child. Based on menus the amount of the different foodstuffs for the average energy and nutrient supply of preschool and schoolchildren is demonstrated. Children receive on average, independent of their socio-economic background, a mixed diet which, in our present knowledge, guarantees a good supply with energy and nutrients. The risk factors in the modern trend in nutrition, as increasing consumption of skimmed milk and skimmed dairy products, carbohydrate rich foodstuffs of low biological value and sweetened drinks are discussed.
Subject(s)
Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Adolescent , Age Factors , Child , Child, Preschool , Dietary Carbohydrates , Dietary Fats , Dietary Proteins , Female , Humans , Male , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
The activity of red cell transketolase and TPP-effect were determined in 1028 infants and children, aged 1 month to 14 years, using a micromethod. All the children were healthy and without evidence of malnutrition. Transketolase activity decreased in the second year of life, followed by a constant increase up to the 6th year. Activity did not change in the next four years, then a steady decrease occurred. TPP-effect was not as stable as transketolase activity, and decreased significantly from years 3 to 5 and increased significantly from years 5 to 7. Beginning with year 10, TPP-effect decreased gradually. 6.6% of all children investigated had marginally deficient TPP-effects and 1.3% were biochemically deficient without clinical signs of avitaminosis. A group of 37 adults had transketolase activities and TPP-effect comparable to those of the 13 year-olds. Effect appeared to be marginal in 5.4% and deficient in 2.7%.
