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3.
Br J Dermatol ; 176(2): 371-377, 2017 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27514292

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Infantile haemangioma is the most common tumour of infancy, but the association with pre-eclampsia is poorly understood. OBJECTIVES: We determined the relationship between variants of pre-eclampsia and risk of infantile haemangioma. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective cohort study of hospital data for all live births between 1989 and 2013 in Quebec, Canada. We identified 14 240 neonates with, and 1 930 564 without haemangioma before discharge, and determined whether early- or late-onset pre-eclampsia was documented on the maternal chart. We used log-binomial regression to compute prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between pre-eclampsia and infantile haemangioma, adjusted for maternal characteristics. RESULTS: The prevalence of any haemangioma was higher for pre-eclampsia than for no pre-eclampsia (81·3 vs. 72·9 per 10 000), with a PR of 1·15 (95% CI 1·06-1·25) after adjustment for maternal characteristics. Pre-eclampsia with onset before 34 weeks' gestation was associated with cutaneous (PR 2·32, 95% CI 1·68-3·21), noncutaneous (PR 3·66, 95% CI 2·49-5·37) and unspecified haemangioma (PR 2·49, 95% CI 1·77-3·49). However, the association between early-onset pre-eclampsia and haemangioma was attenuated once long neonatal length of hospital stays was accounted for. There was no association with late-onset pre-eclampsia after 34 weeks, and associations were weaker for other variants including severe pre-eclampsia and pre-eclampsia with low birthweight. CONCLUSIONS: Early-onset pre-eclampsia is associated with increased risk of haemangioma at birth, but detection bias due to longer hospital stays and closer follow-up may be part of the reason.


Subject(s)
Hemangioma/epidemiology , Pre-Eclampsia/epidemiology , Adult , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Length of Stay , Male , Maternal Age , Pregnancy , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects , Prevalence , Quebec/epidemiology , Risk Factors , Socioeconomic Factors
4.
Br J Dermatol ; 170(4): 895-900, 2014 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24341905

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Morphoea is a rare fibrosing disease of the skin and subcutaneous tissue with an unpredictable disease course, running the spectrum from mild skin involvement to severe disfigurement or extracutaneous complications. OBJECTIVES: Our objective was to describe the natural history of paediatric morphoea and determine patient variables that were associated with severe disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients with morphoea seen in one paediatric hospital system. Information about demographics, clinical characteristics, disease course and treatment were collected. Statistical analysis was performed using appropriate univariate tests and a multivariable model. RESULTS: One hundred and fourteen patients met study inclusion criteria. The female : male ratio was 2·6 : 1, and the median age of onset was 7 years old. There were 55 patients (48%) with linear morphoea, 38 patients (33%) with circumscribed morphoea, 12 patients (11%) with generalized morphoea, and nine patients (8%) with mixed morphoea. Neurological symptoms and joint involvement were present in 27 subjects (24%). Extracutaneous manifestations occurred in 38% of subjects with linear morphoea, compared with 15% with generalized morphoea and 3% with circumscribed morphoea (P = 0·0001). Thirty-six per cent of children with disease onset prior to 10 years of age and 5% of children with disease onset after 10 years of age had extracutaneous manifestations (P = 0·0002). Both linear morphoea and early-onset disease were significantly associated with extracutaneous involvement in a multivariable model. CONCLUSIONS: Children with linear morphoea and disease onset before 10 years of age should be monitored closely for extracutaneous manifestations and need early treatment with systemic medications to prevent disease complications.


Subject(s)
Scleroderma, Localized/epidemiology , Administration, Cutaneous , Adolescent , Age of Onset , Child , Dermatologic Agents/administration & dosage , Drug Therapy, Combination , Female , Humans , Infusions, Intravenous , Male , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Scleroderma, Localized/complications , Scleroderma, Localized/drug therapy , Wisconsin/epidemiology
5.
Mol Syndromol ; 4(3): 114-8, 2013 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23653582

ABSTRACT

Segmental hemangiomas of the head and neck can be associated with multiple congenital anomalies in the disorder known as PHACE syndrome (OMIM 606519) (posterior fossa malformations, hemangioma, arterial anomalies, cardiac defects, and eye anomalies). All reported cases of PHACE syndrome to date have been sporadic, and the genetic basis of this disorder has not yet been established. PHACE syndrome has a striking female predominance which has raised the question of X-linked inheritance. In this study, the X chromosome-inactivation (XCI) patterns of 31 females with PHACE syndrome and their mothers were analyzed using blood-derived DNA and X-chromosome locus methylation assay. This study was performed to test the hypothesis that some cases of PHACE syndrome are due to X-linked inheritance and favorable skewing in the mothers may protect against a severe phenotype, but the clinical phenotype may be unmasked in daughters with a random pattern of X-inactivation. XCI analysis was informative in 27/31 mothers. Our results identified skewed XCI in 5 of 27 (19%) informative mothers, which is not statistically significant with a p value of 0.41. None of the mothers reported significant medical problems, although a full PHACE work-up has not been performed in these individuals. Skewed XCI in the mothers of children with PHACE was identified in only a minority of cases. Based on these results, genetic heterogeneity is likely in PHACE syndrome, although it is possible a subset of cases are caused by a mutation in an X-linked gene.

6.
Br J Dermatol ; 169(2): 428-33, 2013 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23601021

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Paediatric cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is uncommon and inadequately described in the literature. Similar to adults, children with CLE develop LE-specific and/or LE-nonspecific skin findings. Similarities and differences in demographics and clinical course between paediatric and adult CLE have not been sufficiently described. OBJECTIVES: To detail the demographic and clinical features of paediatric CLE and compare these findings with those reported in the adult literature. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed of 53 children seen in a paediatric dermatology clinic with cutaneous manifestations of LE. RESULTS: Patients presented with all five major subtypes of CLE, with some notable differences from adult CLE and previously published reports of paediatric CLE. Progression from discoid LE to systemic LE (SLE) did not occur in our cohort. Patients with subacute CLE were more likely than adults to have lesions below the waist as well as concomitant SLE. Sex distribution for CLE in our study was equal prior to puberty and female predominant in post-pubertal patients. CONCLUSIONS: Children with CLE have variable clinical presentations and progression to SLE that may be different from adult disease. Specifically, children with acute and subacute CLE may be more likely than adults to have systemic disease; therefore, patients with these subtypes should be monitored closely for evidence of SLE. Study limitations included small patient numbers that may limit the ability to generalize these data and relatively short follow-up intervals.


Subject(s)
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous/epidemiology , Acute Disease , Adolescent , Age of Onset , Child , Child, Preschool , Chronic Disease , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous/ethnology , Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous/pathology , Male , Retrospective Studies , Sex Distribution , Wisconsin/epidemiology
7.
AJNR Am J Neuroradiol ; 31(10): 1980-6, 2010 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20705698

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cerebral and cervical arterial abnormalities are the most common non-cutaneous anomaly in PHACE syndrome, but the location and type of arterial lesions that occur have not been systematically assessed in a large cohort. Our aim was to characterize the phenotypic spectrum of arteriopathy, assess the frequency with which different arteries are involved, and evaluate spatial relationships between arteriopathy, brain structural lesions, and hemangiomas in PHACE syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Intracranial MRA and/or CTA images from 70 children and accompanying brain MR images in 59 patients with arteriopathy and PHACE syndrome were reviewed to identify the type and location of arterial lesions and brain abnormalities. Five categories of arteriopathy were identified and used for classification: dysgenesis, narrowing, nonvisualization, primitive embryonic carotid-vertebrobasilar connections, and anomalous arterial course or origin. Univariate logistic regression analyses were performed to test for associations between arteriopathy location, hemangiomas, and brain abnormalities. RESULTS: By study design, all patients had arterial abnormalities, and 57% had >1 form of arteriopathy. Dysgenesis was the most common abnormality (56%), followed by anomalous course and/or origin (47%), narrowing (39%), and nonvisualization (20%). Primitive embryonic carotid-vertebrobasilar connections were present in 20% of children. Hemangiomas were ipsilateral to arteriopathy in all but 1 case. The frontotemporal and/or mandibular facial segments were involved in 97% of cases, but no other specific associations between arteriopathy location and hemangioma sites were detected. All cases with posterior fossa anomalies had either ICA anomalies or persistent embryonic carotid-basilar connections. CONCLUSIONS: The arteriopathy of PHACE syndrome commonly involves the ICA and its embryonic branches, ipsilateral to the cutaneous hemangioma, with dysgenesis and abnormal arterial course the most commonly noted abnormalities. Brain abnormalities are also typically ipsilateral.


Subject(s)
Carotid Artery, Internal/abnormalities , Hemangioma/pathology , Magnetic Resonance Angiography , Vascular Neoplasms/pathology , Aortic Coarctation/pathology , Brain/blood supply , Brain/pathology , Carotid Artery, Internal/pathology , Cerebral Angiography , Cerebral Arteries/abnormalities , Cerebral Arteries/pathology , Cerebral Infarction/pathology , Child , Child, Preschool , Eye Abnormalities/pathology , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Neurocutaneous Syndromes/pathology , Syndrome
8.
Am J Med Genet A ; 140(9): 975-86, 2006 May 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16575892

ABSTRACT

PHACE (OMIM no. 606519) is a neurocutaneous syndrome that refers to the association of large, plaque-like, "segmental" hemangiomas of the face, with one or more of the following anomalies: posterior fossa brain malformations, arterial cerebrovascular anomalies, cardiovascular anomalies, eye anomalies, and ventral developmental defects, specifically sternal defects and/or supraumbilical raphe. The etiology and pathogenesis of PHACE is unknown, and potential risk factors for the syndrome have not been systematically studied. The purpose of this study was thus to determine (1) the incidence of PHACE and associated anomalies among a large cohort of hemangioma patients, (2) whether certain demographic, prenatal or perinatal risk factors predispose infants to this syndrome, and (3) whether the cutaneous distribution of the hemangioma can be correlated to the types of anomalies present. We undertook a prospective, cohort study of 1,096 children with hemangiomas, 25 of whom met criteria for PHACE. These 25 patients represented 20% of infants with segmental facial hemangiomas. Compared to previous reports, our PHACE patients had a higher incidence of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular anomalies. Two developed acute arterial ischemic stroke during infancy, while two with cardiovascular anomalies showed documented evidence of normalization, suggesting that both progressive and regressive vascular phenomena may occur in this syndrome. Correlation to the anatomic location of the hemangioma appears to be helpful in determining which structural abnormalities might be present. A comparison of demographic and perinatal data between our PHACE cases and the hemangioma cohort overall showed no major differences, except a trend for PHACE infants to be of slighter higher gestational age and born to slightly older mothers. Eighty-eight percent were female, a finding which has been noted in multiple other reports. Further research is needed to determine possible etiologies, optimal evaluation, and outcomes.


Subject(s)
Abnormalities, Multiple/pathology , Facial Neoplasms/pathology , Hemangioma/pathology , Neurocutaneous Syndromes/pathology , Abnormalities, Multiple/diagnosis , Airway Obstruction/complications , Brain/abnormalities , Child , Child, Preschool , Cohort Studies , Ear Diseases/complications , Eye Diseases/complications , Facial Neoplasms/complications , Female , Heart Defects, Congenital/complications , Heart Defects, Congenital/pathology , Hemangioma/complications , Humans , Infant , Male , Neurocutaneous Syndromes/complications , Prospective Studies , Syndrome
9.
Br J Dermatol ; 150(2): 357-63, 2004 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14996111

ABSTRACT

Congenital Volkmann ischaemic contracture or neonatal compartment syndrome has rarely been discussed in the literature of dermatology. The condition often involves the upper extremity with cutaneous lesions, contractures and neuropathy. Because the lesions can be mistaken for other entities including necrotizing fasciitis, neonatal gangrene, congenital varicella, aplasia cutis congenita, amniotic band syndrome, subcutaneous fat necrosis and epidermolysis bullosa, dermatologists play a significant role in the diagnosis and, consequently, the treatment of the patient. We describe a premature newborn who had a unilateral, well-demarcated necrotic plaque with a central pallor at birth. The plaque extended circumferentially over the left forearm from the wrist to the elbow. Left wrist oedema, bullae over the fingers and flaccid paralysis at the wrist were also noted.


Subject(s)
Compartment Syndromes/congenital , Compartment Syndromes/pathology , Diagnosis, Differential , Edema/pathology , Female , Fingers , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Necrosis , Wrist
10.
Pediatrics ; 108(2): 485-92, 2001 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11483822

ABSTRACT

The antiepileptic hypersensitivity syndrome is a severe, multiorgan reaction to oral antiepileptics that manifests as fever, rash, lymphadenopathy, and hepatitis. This same reaction pattern also has been described following administration of a few unrelated medications. We report on 11 patients who had drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome and were admitted to our pediatric service and review 94 cases of this syndrome in pediatric patients identified from the literature. We undertook this study to summarize the findings and alert clinicians to the severe internal organ involvement that can occur with this syndrome.


Subject(s)
Anticonvulsants/adverse effects , Drug Hypersensitivity/diagnosis , Drug Hypersensitivity/etiology , Pediatrics , Adolescent , Age Factors , Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use , Child , Child, Preschool , Diagnosis, Differential , Drug Eruptions/diagnosis , Drug Eruptions/etiology , Drug Eruptions/pathology , Drug Hypersensitivity/pathology , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Mucous Membrane/pathology , Skin/pathology , Syndrome
11.
Arch Dermatol ; 137(6): 760-3, 2001 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11405767

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Infants with Down syndrome are at increased risk for hematologic abnormalities, including leukemoid reaction, transient myeloproliferative disorder, and congenital leukemia. The differential diagnosis of a vesiculopustular eruption in an infant with Down syndrome and these hematologic abnormalities is broad and includes benign, self-limited disorders as well as life-threatening infections. OBSERVATION: We describe 3 newborns with Down syndrome and vesiculopustular eruptions associated with myeloproliferative disorders during the neonatal period. These lesions differ from other neonatal vesicular eruptions in that they have a unique distribution, display pathergy, and contain immature hematopoietic cells similar to circulating blast cells. Resolution occurs without treatment as the hematologic disorder subsides. CONCLUSIONS: Infants with Down syndrome and hematologic abnormalities may have a cutaneous eruption that has characteristic clinical and histopathologic findings. It is possible that this eruption has been unrecognized in the past because of its self-limited course. Whether this eruption is a prognostic factor for the subsequent development of leukemia is uncertain.


Subject(s)
Down Syndrome/complications , Facial Dermatoses/diagnosis , Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/complications , Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous/diagnosis , Diagnosis, Differential , Facial Dermatoses/complications , Facial Dermatoses/pathology , Fatal Outcome , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous/complications , Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous/pathology
12.
Arch Dermatol ; 137(5): 630-6, 2001 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11346341

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Kwashiorkor is the edematous form of protein-energy malnutrition. It is associated with extreme poverty in developing countries and with chronic malabsorptive conditions such as cystic fibrosis in developed countries. Rare cases of kwashiorkor in affluent countries unrelated to chronic illness have been reported. We present 12 cases of kwashiorkor unrelated to chronic illness seen over 9 years by pediatric dermatologists throughout the United States, and discuss common causative themes in this easily preventable condition. OBSERVATIONS: Twelve children were diagnosed as having kwashiorkor in 7 tertiary referral centers throughout the United States. The diagnoses were based on the characteristic rash and the overall clinical presentation. The rash consisted of an erosive, crusting, desquamating dermatitis sometimes with classic "pasted-on" scale-the so-called flaky paint sign. Most cases were due to nutritional ignorance, perceived milk intolerance, or food faddism. Half of the cases were the result of a deliberate deviation to a protein-deficient diet because of a perceived intolerance of formula or milk. Financial and social stresses were a factor in only 2 cases, and in both cases social chaos was more of a factor than an absolute lack of financial resources. Misleading dietary histories and the presence of edema masking growth failure obscured the clinical picture in some cases. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians should consider the diagnosis of kwashiorkor in children with perceived milk allergies resulting in frequent dietary manipulations, in children following fad or unorthodox diets, or in children living in homes with significant social chaos. The presence of edema and "flaky paint" dermatitis should prompt a careful dietary investigation.


Subject(s)
Diet Fads/adverse effects , Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage , Knowledge , Kwashiorkor/etiology , Milk Hypersensitivity/diet therapy , Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Kwashiorkor/diet therapy , Kwashiorkor/pathology , Male
13.
J Pediatr ; 138(5): 756-8, 2001 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11343057

ABSTRACT

A 3-day-old male infant with a 3-cm firm subcutaneous mass was found to have decreased platelets, decreased fibrin, and increased fibrin split products diagnostic of Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon. The vascular lesion was resected without complications. We suggest that early surgical intervention is an excellent therapeutic option for Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon.


Subject(s)
Hemangioma/surgery , Vascular Neoplasms/surgery , Vascular Surgical Procedures/methods , Anemia, Hemolytic/diagnosis , Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation/diagnosis , Hemangioma/diagnosis , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Syndrome , Thrombocytopenia/diagnosis , Time Factors , Treatment Outcome , Vascular Neoplasms/diagnosis
15.
Pediatr Clin North Am ; 47(4): 813-23, 2000 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10943258

ABSTRACT

Cutaneous markers have a crucial role in the detection and diagnosis of occult neural tube dysraphism. Recognition of these stigmata and appropriate radiologic imaging decrease the long-term morbidity of this condition.


Subject(s)
Neural Tube Defects/diagnosis , Child, Preschool , Dermoid Cyst/diagnosis , Diagnosis, Differential , Encephalocele/diagnosis , Humans , Hypertrichosis/diagnosis , Infant , Neural Tube Defects/surgery , Skull , Spinal Dysraphism/diagnosis
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