ABSTRACT
Pre-steady state kinetic analysis of mechanistic features of substrate binding and processing is crucial for insight into the evolution of inhibitor-resistant forms of HIV-1 protease. These data may provide a correct vector for rational drug design assuming possible intrinsic dynamic effects. These data should also give some clues to the molecular mechanism of protease action and resistance to inhibitors. Here we report pre-steady state kinetics of the interaction of wild type or mutant forms of HIV-1 protease with a FRET-labeled peptide. The three-stage "minimal" kinetic scheme with first and second reversible steps of substrate binding and with following irreversible peptide cleavage step adequately described experimental data. For the first time, a set of "elementary" kinetic parameters of wild type HIV-1 protease and its natural mutant inhibitor-resistant forms MDR-HM, ANAM-11 and prDRV4 were compared. Inhibitors of the first and second generation were used to estimate the inhibitory effects on HIV-1 protease activity. The resulting set of kinetic data supported that the mutant forms are kinetically unaffected by inhibitors of the first generation, proving their functional resistance to these compounds. The second generation inhibitor darunavir inhibited mutant forms MDR-HM and ANAM-11, but was ineffective against prDRV4. Our kinetic data revealed that these inhibitors induced different conformational changes in the enzyme and, thereby they have different mode of binding in the enzyme active site. These data confirmed hypothesis that the driving force of the inhibitor-resistance evolution is disruption of enzyme-inhibitor complex by changing of the contact network in the inhibitor binding site.
Subject(s)
HIV Protease/genetics , HIV Protease/metabolism , HIV-1/enzymology , Mutation , Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology , Amino Acid Sequence , Drug Resistance, Viral , HIV-1/genetics , Kinetics , Models, Molecular , Protein ConformationABSTRACT
The mechanisms triggering most of autoimmune diseases are still obscure. Autoreactive B cells play a crucial role in the development of such pathologies and, in particular, production of autoantibodies of different specificities. The combination of deep-sequencing technology with functional studies of antibodies selected from highly representative immunoglobulin combinatorial libraries may provide unique information on specific features in the repertoires of autoreactive B cells. Here, we have analyzed cross-combinations of the variable regions of human immunoglobulins against the myelin basic protein (MBP) previously selected from a multiple sclerosis (MS)-related scFv phage-display library. On the other hand, we have performed deep sequencing of the sublibraries of scFvs against MBP, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). Bioinformatics analysis of sequencing data and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) studies have shown that it is the variable fragments of antibody heavy chains that mainly determine both the affinity of antibodies to the parent autoantigen and their cross-reactivity. It is suggested that LMP1-cross-reactive anti-myelin autoantibodies contain heavy chains encoded by certain germline gene segments, which may be a hallmark of the EBV-specific B cell subpopulation involved in MS triggering.
Subject(s)
Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/immunology , Immunoglobulins/immunology , Multiple Sclerosis/immunology , Autoantibodies/immunology , Autoimmune Diseases/immunology , Cross Reactions , High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods , Humans , Myelin Basic Protein/immunology , Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/immunology , Viral Matrix Proteins/immunologyABSTRACT
Proteins with molecular masses of 36 and 34 kDa (Bti36 and Bti34) were isolated from entomocidal crystals formed by Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis cells. The samples of Bti36 contained the admixture of a protein with a molecular mass of 33 kDa (Bti33), apparently a product of proteolysis of Bti36. These 3 proteins are significantly different in N-terminal sequences from known delta-endotoxins of B. thuringiensis and show antibacterial activity toward Micrococcus luteus. The combination of Bti36 and Bti33 also suppresses the growth of some other microorganisms including Streptomyces chrysomallus. The effects of the mixture of Bti36 and Bti33 on the M. luteus cell surface and on the surface of S. chrysomallus cells and exospores are similar, but they are different from the effect of endotoxin Cry11A on micrococcal cells.
