ABSTRACT
We examine the relationship between beliefs regarding spit tobacco (ST) use and addiction among 473 male college athletes who currently use ST. Beliefs were assessed using methods prescribed by the Theory of Reasoned Action. Independent associations between beliefs and addiction, defined by self-reported amount of ST used per week, were found via multivariate polychotomous regression modeling. We found that with increasing addiction level, athletes were significantly more likely to believe that "ST helps me relax," "ST keeps me alert," "ST tastes good," and "ST is addicting." All athletes believed that clinicians, parents, and girlfriends do not approve of their ST use, but that male peers, coaches, and professional athletes are fairly indifferent about it. To increase quit rates, highly addicted ST users may require an intensive cessation program including nicotine replacement to overcome symptoms of withdrawal, oral substitutes for the enjoyable taste of ST, and the support of male peers and athletes who influence their social norms.
Subject(s)
Attitude to Health , Baseball/psychology , Football/psychology , Health Education , Plants, Toxic , Tobacco Use Disorder/rehabilitation , Tobacco, Smokeless , Adolescent , Adult , Humans , Male , Motivation , Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/psychology , Tobacco Use Disorder/psychologyABSTRACT
The study evaluated the relationship between therapist personality and treatment success for 141 schizophrenics and 94 non-schizophrenics randomly assigned to short or long hospitalization. The 47 therapists were self-rated on the Whitehorn--Betz A--B scale in both the original and the Campbell versions. Outcome was assessed on the Health--Sickness Rating Scale and the Psychiatric Evaluation Form at discharge and at 1 and 2 year follow-up. The hypothesis of greater success for A--type therapists with schizophrenics was not confirmed, nor were alternative relationships evident in the data.
Subject(s)
Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care , Personality , Psychotherapy/methods , Affective Symptoms/therapy , Female , Humans , Male , Neurotic Disorders/therapy , Personality Disorders/therapy , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Schizophrenia/therapyABSTRACT
Prognostic value of the Premorbid Asocial Adjustment Scale (PAAS) was examined for a mixed group of 135 schizophrenics. The PAAS had nonsignificant correlations with three global outcome measures 1 and 2 years after admission for the patient group as a whole. However, the previous finding that the PAAS had prognostic value for nonchronic schizophrenic patients was confirmed. Prognostic correlations were significant for the half of the subjects who were above average in prehospital functioning, and were even higher in the younger half of this subgroup. The scatterplot of the prognostic relationship suggested the expected triangular shape, with poor prognosis associated with poor outcomes and good prognosis associated with mixed outcomes.
Subject(s)
Schizophrenia/therapy , Social Adjustment , Adult , Age Factors , Humans , Prognosis , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Schizophrenic PsychologyABSTRACT
A controlled, prospective study examined the relative effectiveness of short-term versus long-term psychiatric hospitalization. Results of a two-year follow-up of a sample of 74 nonschizophrenic subjects are reported here. Two years after admission there were no statistically reliable differences in functioning between short-term and long-term subjects with diagnoses of either affective disorders, or neurosis and personality disorders (including hysterical personality disorder). The findings reported do not support extended hospitalization for patients with these diagnoses. Caution regarding these findings is suggested by an anecdotal impression that short-term hospitalization may not have allowed for proper diagnosis and treatment for some persons in the affective disorder group.
Subject(s)
Length of Stay , Mental Disorders/rehabilitation , Adult , Affective Symptoms/rehabilitation , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Neurotic Disorders/rehabilitation , Personality Disorders/rehabilitation , Prospective Studies , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Sex Factors , Social Adjustment , Time FactorsABSTRACT
A controlled, prospective study examined the relative effectiveness of short-term versus long-term psychiatric hospitalization. The results of a two-year follow-up of a sample of 141 schizophrenic patients are reported here. The differences favoring long-term subjects that were apparent at one year postadmission had decreased by two years postadmission. However, there appears to be an interaction between prehospital functioning and length of hospital stay, with subjects who had good prehospital functioning doing better at two years when assigned to long-term hospitalization. Subjects with poor prehospital functioning did about equally well, regardless of length of stay, and may even have showed some tendency to do better with a shorter hospital stay. This reversal of effect was more prominent for women, although this sex difference was not statistically significant.
Subject(s)
Length of Stay , Schizophrenia/rehabilitation , Aftercare , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Male , Patient Readmission , Prognosis , Prospective Studies , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Psychotherapy , Schizophrenia/drug therapy , Sex Factors , Social Adjustment , Time FactorsABSTRACT
The authors compared treatment results for 141 schizophrenic patients randomly assigned to short-term or long-term hospitalization. Test results indicated that the long-term group was functioning significantly better one year after admission according to global measures only. The authors caution that the differences between the two groups, although statistically reliable, were modest and may have been confounded by the amount of psychotherapy the patients received after hospitalization. Although there appears to be a general advantage to the long-term approach, further work will be needed to identify patient subgroups for whom this more expensive treatment is cost effective.
Subject(s)
Length of Stay , Schizophrenia/therapy , Aftercare , Follow-Up Studies , Hospitalization , Humans , PsychotherapyABSTRACT
The authors studied the effect of long-term versus short-term hospitalization on a group of 74 patients with the diagnoses of affective disorder, neurosis and personality disorder, and hysterical personality one year after their admission to the hospital. Although they had found in an earlier study that short-term patients seemed to integrate more rapidly in the hospital, the results reported in this study showed no statistically reliable differences between the long-term and short-term groups. In contrast to the author's results for schizophrenic patients, their findings for nonschizophrenic patients do not support extended hospitalization.
Subject(s)
Length of Stay , Mental Disorders/therapy , Follow-Up Studies , Hospitalization , HumansABSTRACT
A controlled, prospective, two-year follow-up study examined the relative effectiveness of short-term vs long-term psychiatric hospitalization. Results of the inpatient phase for a sample of 74 nonschizophrenic patients are reported here. About four weeks after admission the patients hospitalized for a short stay were discharged, and at that time were functioning better than the patients in the long-stay group. When the patients hospitalized for a long stay were discharged, three to fur months after admission, they were then functioning as well as, but not noticeably better than, the patients in the short-stay group had been at their earlier time of discharge. Patients with affective disorders were more impaired at admission and improved more than patients with other diagnoses, regardless of length of stay.
