m6A-Mediated Induction of 7-Dehydrocholesterol Reductase Stimulates Cholesterol Synthesis and cAMP Signaling to Promote Bladder Cancer Metastasis.

Dysregulation of cholesterol homeostasis occurs in multiple types of tumors and promotes cancer progression. Investigating the specific processes that induce abnormal cholesterol metabolism could identify therapeutic targets to improve cancer treatment. In this investigation, we observed upregulation of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7), a vital enzyme involved in the synthesis of cholesterol, within bladder cancer (BC) tissues in comparison to normal tissues, which was correlated with increased BC metastasis. Increased expression of DHCR7 in BC was attributed to decreased mRNA degradation mediated by YTHDF2. Loss or inhibition of DHCR7 reduced BC cell invasion in vitro and metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, DHCR7 promoted BC metastasis by activating the cAMP/PKA/FAK pathway. Specifically, DHCR7 increased cAMP levels by elevating cholesterol content in lipid rafts, thereby facilitating the transduction of signaling pathways mediated by cAMP receptors. DHCR7 additionally enhanced the cAMP signaling pathway by reducing the concentration of 7-DHC and promoting the transcription of the G protein-coupled receptor GIPR. Overall, these findings demonstrate that DHCR7 plays an important role in BC invasion and metastasis by modulating cholesterol synthesis and cAMP signaling. Furthermore, inhibition of DHCR7 shows promise as a viable therapeutic strategy for suppressing BC invasion and metastasis.

Cellular senescence and metabolic reprogramming model based on bulk/single-cell RNA sequencing reveals PTGER4 as a therapeutic target for ccRCC.

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the prevailing histological subtype of renal cell carcinoma and has unique metabolic reprogramming during its occurrence and development. Cell senescence is one of the newly identified tumor characteristics. However, there is a dearth of methodical and all-encompassing investigations regarding the correlation between the broad-ranging alterations in metabolic processes associated with aging and ccRCC. We utilized a range of analytical methodologies, such as protein‒protein interaction network analysis and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis, to form and validate a risk score model known as the senescence-metabolism-related risk model (SeMRM). Our study demonstrated that SeMRM could more precisely predict the OS of ccRCC patients than the clinical prognostic markers in use. By utilizing two distinct datasets of ccRCC, ICGC-KIRC (the International Cancer Genome Consortium) and GSE29609, as well as a single-cell dataset (GSE156632) and real patient clinical information, and further confirmed the relationship between the senescence-metabolism-related risk score (SeMRS) and ccRCC patient progression. It is worth noting that patients who were classified into different subgroups based on the SeMRS exhibited notable variations in metabolic activity, immune microenvironment, immune cell type transformation, mutant landscape, and drug responsiveness. We also demonstrated that PTGER4, a key gene in SeMRM, regulated ccRCC cell proliferation, lipid levels and the cell cycle in vivo and in vitro. Together, the utilization of SeMRM has the potential to function as a dependable clinical characteristic to increase the accuracy of prognostic assessment for patients diagnosed with ccRCC, thereby facilitating the selection of suitable treatment strategies.

Metabolic reprogramming based on RNA sequencing of gemcitabine-resistant cells reveals the FASN gene as a therapeutic for bladder cancer.

Bladder cancer (BLCA) is the most frequent malignant tumor of the genitourinary system. Postoperative chemotherapy drug perfusion and chemotherapy are important means for the treatment of BLCA. However, once drug resistance occurs, BLCA develops rapidly after recurrence. BLCA cells rely on unique metabolic rewriting to maintain their growth and proliferation. However, the relationship between the metabolic pattern changes and drug resistance in BLCA is unclear. At present, this problem lacks systematic research. In our research, we identified and analyzed resistance- and metabolism-related differentially expressed genes (RM-DEGs) based on RNA sequencing of a gemcitabine-resistant BLCA cell line and metabolic-related genes (MRGs). Then, we established a drug resistance- and metabolism-related model (RM-RM) through regression analysis to predict the overall survival of BLCA. We also confirmed that RM-RM had a significant correlation with tumor metabolism, gene mutations, tumor microenvironment, and adverse drug reactions. Patients with a high drug resistance- and metabolism-related risk score (RM-RS) showed more active lipid synthesis than those with a low RM-RS. Further in vitro and in vivo studies were implemented using Fatty Acid Synthase (FASN), a representative gene, which promotes gemcitabine resistance, and its inhibitor (TVB-3166) that can reverse this resistance effect.

Fatty Acid Oxidation Mediated by Malonyl-CoA Decarboxylase Represses Renal Cell Carcinoma Progression.

Fatty acid metabolism reprogramming is a prominent feature of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Increased lipid storage supports ccRCC progression, highlighting the importance of understanding the molecular mechanisms driving altered fatty acid synthesis in tumors. Here, we identified that malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (MLYCD), a key regulator of fatty acid anabolism, was downregulated in ccRCC, and low expression correlated with poor prognosis in patients. Restoring MLYCD expression in ccRCC cells decreased the content of malonyl CoA, which blocked de novo fatty acid synthesis and promoted fatty acid translocation into mitochondria for oxidation. Inhibition of lipid droplet accumulation induced by MLYCD-mediated fatty acid oxidation disrupted endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial homeostasis, increased reactive oxygen species levels, and induced ferroptosis. Moreover, overexpressing MLYCD reduced tumor growth and reversed resistance to sunitinib in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, HIF2α inhibited MLYCD translation by upregulating expression of eIF4G3 microexons. Together, this study demonstrates that fatty acid catabolism mediated by MLYCD disrupts lipid homeostasis to repress ccRCC progression. Activating MLYCD-mediated fatty acid metabolism could be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating ccRCC. SIGNIFICANCE: MLYCD deficiency facilitates fatty acid synthesis and lipid droplet accumulation to drive progression of renal cell carcinoma, indicating inducing MYLCD as a potential approach to reprogram fatty acid metabolism in kidney cancer.

Do monocular myopia children need to wear glasses? Effects of monocular myopia on visual function and binocular balance.

Objective: This study aims to compare the binocular visual functions and balance among monocular myopic adolescents and adults and binocular low myopic adolescents and explore whether monocular myopia requires glasses. Methods: A total of 106 patients participated in this study. All patients were divided into three groups: the monocular myopia children group (Group 1 = 41 patients), the monocular myopia adult group (Group 2 = 26 patients) and the binocular low myopia children group (Group 3 = 39 patients). The refractive parameters, accommodation, stereopsis, and binocular balance were compared. Results: The binocular refractive difference in Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3 was -1.37 ± 0.93, -1.94 ± 0.91, and -0.32 ± 0.27 D, respectively. Moreover, uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), spherical equivalent (SE) and monocular accommodative amplitude (AA) between myopic and emmetropic eyes in Group 1 and Group 2 were significantly different (all P < 0.05). There was a significant difference in the accommodative facility (AF) between myopic and emmetropic eyes in Group 2 (t = 2.131, P = 0.043). Furthermore, significant differences were found in monocular AA (t = 6.879, P < 0.001), binocular AA (t = 5.043, P < 0.001) and binocular AF (t = -3.074, P = 0.003) between Group 1 and Group 2. The normal ratio of stereopsis according to the random dots test in Group 1 was higher than in Group 2 (χ2 = 14.596, P < 0.001). The normal ratio of dynamic stereopsis in Group 1 was lower than in Group 3 (χ2 = 13.281, P < 0.001). The normal signal-to-noise ratio of the binocular balance point in Group 1 was lower than Group 3 (χ2 = 4.755, P = 0.029). Conclusion: First, monocular myopia could lead to accommodative dysfunction and unbalanced input of binocular visual signals, resulting in myopia progression. Second, monocular myopia may also be accompanied by stereopsis dysfunction, and long-term uncorrected monocular myopia may worsen stereopsis acuity in adulthood. In addition, patients with monocular myopia could exhibit stereopsis dysfunction at an early stage. Therefore, children with monocular myopia must wear glasses to restore binocular balance and visual functions, thereby delaying myopia progression.

Comprehensive management of post-LASIK ectasia: From prevention to treatment.

Post-laser in situ keratomileusis (post-LASIK) ectasia (PLE) is one of the most serious complications after refractive surgery, mainly manifested as progressive thinning and trembling thinning of the cornea, accompanied by increased myopia and astigmatism. The mechanisms behind mainly include genetic risk factors and external environmental factors such as eye rubbing and cornea surgery. In order to achieve the goal of reducing the incidence of ectasia, preoperative screening strategies need to be continuously improved, through the collection and assessment of genetic and environmental risk factors. Although previous preoperative screening methods did not have a uniform standard, the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) can help us process a large amount of information and make rational use of the data. By using high-fidelity finite element modelling, differences in preoperative and postoperative strain distributions can be observed, which can predict the risk of postoperative ectasia. In this review, we describe the incidence, aetiology, prevention and treatment of PLE for the purpose of comprehensive management. In terms of treatment, corneal collagen cross-linking has been widely used to treat progressive keratoconus and other ectasia disease, either as a preventive measure during surgery or as a therapeutic modality after surgery to prevent progression of corneal dilation. Although the standard Dresden protocol has been identified as the gold standard treatment for corneal dilatation, a series of refinements, investigations and long-term studies have been conducted in recent years. Thus, understanding the factors involved in delaying the onset and slowing progression of cornea ectasia will be key to reducing the incidence worldwide.

Changes of the effective optical zone after small-incision lenticule extraction and a correlation analysis.

The objective of the study is to observe the changes in the effective optical zone (EOZ) after small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and explore possible correlations with some influencing factors. In total, 133 eyes after SMILE were divided into the mild to moderate myopia group (- 1.75 D to - 5.75 D, 70 eyes) and the high myopia group (- 6.00 D to - 9.50 D, 63 eyes). The postoperative EOZ was calculated by utilizing the corneal tangential curvature map. Changes in EOZ (△-OZ) were monitored and compared between the two groups. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to determine the correlation between △-OZ and corneal high-order wavefront aberrations. Multicollinearity analysis and ridge regression analysis were performed to assess the correlation between △-OZ and some corneal parameters. After SMILE, the horizontal EOZ (H-EOZ), vertical EOZ (V-EOZ), and average EOZ (A-EOZ) were significantly smaller than the programmed optical zone (POZ) in both groups (p < 0.05). The difference between V-EOZ and POZ (△V-OZ) and the difference between A-EOZ and POZ (△A-OZ) showed more significant changes in the high myopia group than in the mild to moderate myopia group, and △V-OZ was significantly larger than the difference between H-EOZ and POZ (△H-OZ) in the high myopia group. In both groups, the total high-order aberration (T-HOA) and spherical aberration (SA) both increased after SMILE, and they had a similar significant negative correlation with A-EOZ. Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation between △-OZ and Km (X1), Q-value (X2), spherical equivalent (SE, X3), ablating depth (AD, X4) and △e (X6), and a significant positive correlation between △-OZ and △Q (X5). △H-OZ was expressed as Y1, △V-OZ as Y2, and △A-OZ as Y3. The multiple linear regression equations were as follows: Y1 = 3.683 - 0.065X1, Y2 = 1.549 - 0.469X2 - 0.059X3, Y3 = 4.015 - 0.07X1 - 0.03X3, Y1 = 1.337 - 0.005X4 + 0.413X5, Y2 = 1.265 + 0.469X5, and Y3 = 0.852 - 0.002X4 - 0.398X6. The correlation degree with △A-OZ was ranked as Km > △Q > Q-value > AD > e-value > △e > SE > △Km, as represented by the ridge regression analysis. The EOZ was irregularly reduced after SMILE, which should be taken into consideration in the design of POZ, especially for high myopia. Consideration of the refractive diopter and corneal topography is advised for the design of POZ, the latter of which has greater reference significance.

Mechanisms of NO-Mediated Protein S-Nitrosylation in the Lens-Induced Myopia.

Background: Myopia is a chronic ocular disease, emerging as the most common type of refractive error. This study intends to preliminarily explore the roles of protein S-nitrosylation of nitric oxide (NO) in the regulation of myopia by detecting the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and downstream S-nitrosylation, using the animal model of lens-induced myopia (LIM) in mice. Methods: The 3-week-old C57BL/6 J mice were divided into three groups: group I, lens-induced 0-week group (take eyeballs at the age of 3 weeks); group II, self-control eyes of experimental group (take eyeballs at the age of 7 weeks); and group III, lens-induced 4-week group (take eyeballs at the age of 7 weeks). The diopter and axial length of each group were measured by streak retinoscopes and optical coherence tomography (OCT) before and after model establishment. The protein expressions and locations of nNOS and S-nitrosylated proteins (PSNOs) were measured by western blot and immunofluorescence staining. Site-specific proteomic for protein S-nitrolysation was used to detect the existence and location of S-nitrosylation proteins in the retina of myopic and nonmyopic mice. The Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and motif enrichment analyses were performed. The differential sites were analyzed by GO, KEGG, and motif. Irreversible biotinylation procedure combined with protein purification and western blot was used to detect the protein expression of α-enolase (ENO1), a key player in the hypoxia-related signal pathway. Results: The expressions of nNOS and PSNOs were significantly lower in the retina of experimental eyes than that in self-control eyes and 3-week-old baseline group. A total of 595 S-nitrosylated proteins, 709 S-nitrosylated peptides, and 708 S-nitrosylated sites were identified by site-specific S-nitrolysation proteomics in the retina of myopic and control eyes. A total of 19 differentiation loci were screened, of which 13 sites were downregulated and 6 sites were upregulated in experimental eyes compared with the self-control group. Specifically, the expression of SNO-ENO1 was significantly lower in the retina of experimental eyes than that in self-control eyes and 3-week-old baseline group. Conclusion: LIM induces the decrease of nNOS and PSNO protein levels in the retina of myopic mice. NO-mediated nonclassical protein S-nitrosylation modification may play an important role in the regulation of lens-induced myopia. ENO1 may be a key factor in the regulation of S-nitrosylation modification of myopia.

Comparison of RetinaNet-Based Single-Target Cascading and Multi-Target Detection Models for Administrative Regions in Network Map Pictures.

There is a critical need for detection of administrative regions through network map pictures in map censorship tasks, which can be implemented by target detection technology. However, on map images there tend to be numerous administrative regions overlaying map annotations and symbols, thus making it difficult to accurately detect each region. Using a RetinaNet-based target detection model integrating ResNet50 and a feature pyramid network (FPN), this study built a multi-target model and a single-target cascading model from three single-target models by taking Taiwan, Tibet, and the Chinese mainland as target examples. Two models were evaluated both in classification and localization accuracy to investigate their administrative region detection performance. The results show that the single-target cascading model was able to detect more administrative regions, with a higher f1_score of 0.86 and mAP of 0.85 compared to the multi-target model (0.56 and 0.52, respectively). Furthermore, location box size distribution from the single-target cascading model looks more similar to that of manually annotated box sizes, which signifies that the proposed cascading model is superior to the multi-target model. This study is promising in providing support for computer map reading and intelligent map censorship.

RNA-sequencing analysis reveals the long noncoding RNA profile in the mouse myopic retina.

Aim: Myopia is a prevalent public health problem. The long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) mechanisms for dysregulated retinal signaling in the myopic eye have remained elusive. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression profiles and possible pathogenic roles of lncRNAs in mouse form-deprived myopia (FDM) retinas. Methods: A mouse FDM model was induced and retinas from the FDM right eyes and the contralateral eyes were collected for RNA sequencing. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment, and lncRNA-mRNA coexpression network analyses were conducted to explore the biological functions of the differentially expressed lncRNAs. In addition, the levels of differentially expressed lncRNAs in the myopic retinas were validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to detect the localization of lncRNAs in mouse retinas. Results: FDM eyes exhibited reduced refraction and increased ocular axial length compared to control fellow eyes. RNA sequencing revealed that there were 655 differentially expressed lncRNAs between the FDM and control retinas. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that the differentially expressed RNAs were mostly enriched in cellular processes, cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, retinol metabolism, and rhythmic processes. Differentially expressed lncRNAs were validated by qRT-PCR. Additionally, RNA FISH showed that XR_384718.4 (Gm35369) localized in the ganglion cell (GCL) and inner nuclear layers (INL). Conclusion: This study identified the differential expression profiles of lncRNAs in myopic mouse retinas. Our results provide scientific evidence for investigations of myopia and the development of putative interventions in the future.

Comparison of Efficacy and Safety Between Standard, Accelerated Epithelium-Off and Transepithelial Corneal Collagen Crosslinking in Pediatric Keratoconus: A Meta-Analysis.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to compare the efficacy of standard epithelium-off CXL (SCXL), accelerated epithelium-off CXL (ACXL), and transepithelial crosslinking CXL (TECXL) for pediatric keratoconus. Methods: A literature search on the efficacy of SCXL, ACXL, and TECXL [including accelerated TECXL (A-TECXL)] for keratoconus patients younger than 18 years was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, and EMBASE up to 2021. Primary outcomes were changes in uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) and maximum keratometry (Kmax) after CXL. Secondary outcomes were changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), mean refractive spherical equivalent (MRSE), and central corneal thickness (CCT). Estimations were analyzed by weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: A number of eleven identified studies enrolled 888 eyes (SCXL: 407 eyes; ACXL: 297 eyes; TECXL: 28 eyes; A-TECXL: 156 eyes). For pediatric keratoconus, except for a significant greater improvement in BCVA at 24-month follow-up in SCXL (WMD = -0.08, 95%CI: -0.14 to -0.01, p = 0.03, I2 = 71%), no significant difference was observed in other outcomes between the SCXL and ACXL groups. SCXL seems to provide greater changes in UCVA (WMD = -0.24, 95% CI: -0.34 to -0.13, p < 0.00001, I2 = 89%), BCVA (WMD = -0.09, 95% CI: -0.15 to -0.04, p = 0.0008, I2 = 94%), and Kmax (WMD = -1.93, 95% CI: -3.02 to -0.85, p = 0.0005, I2 = 0%) than A-TECXL, with higher incidence of adverse events. Conclusion: For pediatric keratoconus, both SCXL and ACXL appear to be comparable in the efficacy of visual effects and keratometric outcomes; SCXL seems to provide greater changes in visual and pachymetric outcomes than A-TECXL.

A Metabolism-Related Gene Landscape Predicts Prostate Cancer Recurrence and Treatment Response.

Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common malignant tumor in men. Although clinical treatments of PCa have made great progress in recent decades, once tolerance to treatments occurs, the disease progresses rapidly after recurrence. PCa exhibits a unique metabolic rewriting that changes from initial neoplasia to advanced neoplasia. However, systematic and comprehensive studies on the relationship of changes in the metabolic landscape of PCa with tumor recurrence and treatment response are lacking. We aimed to construct a metabolism-related gene landscape that predicts PCa recurrence and treatment response. Methods: In the present study, we used differentially expressed gene analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, univariate and multivariate Cox regression, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression to construct and verify a metabolism-related risk model (MRM) to predict the disease-free survival (DFS) and response to treatment for PCa patients. Results: The MRM predicted patient survival more accurately than the current clinical prognostic indicators. By using two independent PCa datasets (International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) PCa and Taylor) and actual patients to test the model, we also confirmed that the metabolism-related risk score (MRS) was strongly related to PCa progression. Notably, patients in different MRS subgroups had significant differences in metabolic activity, mutant landscape, immune microenvironment, and drug sensitivity. Patients in the high-MRS group were more sensitive to immunotherapy and endocrine therapy, while patients in the low-MRS group were more sensitive to chemotherapy. Conclusions: We developed an MRM, which might act as a clinical feature to more accurately assess prognosis and guide the selection of appropriate treatment for PCa patients. It is promising for further application in clinical practice.

Polymicrobial keratitis after accelerated corneal collagen cross-linking in keratoconus: Case reports and literature review.

PURPOSE: To report two cases of polymicrobial keratitis following corneal collagen cross-linking for keratoconus and to review the literature. METHODS: Retrospective case note and literature review. RESULTS: The first case involved a 27-year-old male who presented with amebic corneal ulcers 3 days after the collagen cross-linking procedure. Some gram-negative (gram-ve) cocci were found upon staining, and cysts were observed by confocal microscopy at 7 days after surgery. Acanthamoeba infection mixed with gram-ve organisms was diagnosed. In the second case, a 14-year male developed Staphylococcus aureus corneal infection with anterior chamber empyema 3 days after the collagen cross-linking procedure for keratoconus. Occasional gram-positive (gram + ve) cocci and gram-ve bacilli were observed under a microscope. The mixed keratitis in the two patients resolved after systemic and topical antibiotic therapy, but the infection ultimately resulted in corneal scarring. Follow-up keratoplasty was needed to improve vision acuity in both patients. CONCLUSION: Although ultraviolet irradiation and the reactive oxygen released by riboflavin during collagen cross-linking have bactericidal effects, a lack of a corneal epithelial barrier, bandage contact lens usage, perioperative hygiene, and an abnormal immune state are risk factors for infectious keratitis after collagen cross-linking. Perioperative management of collagen cross-linking is important to prevent infection.

Comparison of the optical quality after SMILE and FS-LASIK for high myopia by OQAS and iTrace analyzer: a one-year retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: To compare the correction effect and optical quality after small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and femtosecond laser assisted laser in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) for high myopia. METHODS: 51 high myopia eyes after SMILE and 49 high myopia eyes after FS-LASIK were enrolled and divided into two groups retrospectively. The OQAS and iTrace analyzer were used for optical quality inspection. Between the two groups the spherical equivalent (SE), astigmatism, uncorrected distant visual acuity (UDVA), strehl ratio (SR), modulation transfer function cutoff frequency (MTF cutoff), objective scatter index (OSI) and wavefront aberrations were analyzed and compared before surgery and at 1, 6 and 12 months after surgery. RESULTS: After the operation: (1) SE and astigmatism declined and UDVA increased significantly in both groups, and UDVA was better after SMILE than FS-LASIK. (2) SR and MTF cutoff reduced and OSI increased significantly after SMILE and FS-LASIK. SR and MTF cutoff were significantly higher after SMILE than FS-LASIK. OSI was significantly lower after SMILE than FS-LASIK. (3) The total wavefront aberration, total low-order wavefront aberration, defocus and astigmatism aberration as well as trefoil aberration reduced significantly in both groups. The total high-order wavefront aberration increased significantly after FS-LASIK. The spherical and coma aberration increased significantly in both groups. The total high-order wavefront aberration and coma aberration at 1 month were higher after FS-LASIK than SMILE. CONCLUSION: The optical quality descended after SMILE and FS-LASIK. SMILE was superior to FS-LASIK at the correction effect and optical quality for high myopia. The combination of OQAS and iTrace analyzer is a valuable complementary measurement in evaluating the optical quality after the refractive surgery. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This is a retrospective study. This research was approved by the ethics committee of Xiangya Hospital and the IRB approval number is 201612074.

Detection of Static and Dynamic Stereopsis after Femtosecond Laser Small Incision Lenticule Extraction for High Myopia.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to test binocular visual function after femtosecond laser small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) for high myopia. The traditional Titmus stereotest and dynamic stereotest based on the visual perception biological model were used for comparative analysis. METHODS: A total of 43 patients were enrolled in this prospective study. At Week 1, Month 1, and Month 3 after surgery, the Titmus stereotest and dynamic stereotest generated by MATLAB were conducted. Dynamic stereopsis consists of randomly flickering Gabor spots and is divided into two models of high energy and low energy according to flicker frequency. RESULTS: The preoperative manifest refraction spherical equivalent was -7.21 ± 0.70 D. The preoperative anisometropia was 0.52 ± 0.54D. The quartiles of static stereoacuity in preoperation and 3 follow-ups were as follows: 50.00 (25.00, 100.00) in preoperation, 63.00 (40.00, 63.00) at Week 1, 40.00 (32.00, 63.00) at Month 1, and 40.00 (25.00, 50.00) at Month 3. Static stereopsis improved at Month 1 and Month 3 compared with preoperation and Week 1 (P < 0.05). There were statistically significant differences in high energy dynamic stereopsis at Week 1 and Month 1 compared to preoperation (P < 0.05). In addition, significant differences in low energy dynamic stereopsis were detected between Month 1 and preoperation and also at Month 3 compared to Month 1 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Most high myopia patients have a dynamic stereopsis deficiency before refractive correction. SMILE surgery can improve both static and dynamic stereopsis early in the postoperation period. However, in the long term, there is no significant difference or even a decrease in dynamic stereopsis.

Clinical outcomes after small-incision lenticule extraction versus femtosecond laser-assisted LASIK for high myopia: A meta-analysis.

AIM: To compare postoperative clinical outcomes of high myopia after small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and femtosecond laser-assisted laser in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK). METHODS: From March 2018 to July 2020, PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and several Chinese databases were comprehensively searched. The studies meeting the criteria were selected and included; the data were extracted by 2 independent authors. The clinical outcome parameters were analyzed with RevMan 5.3. RESULTS: This meta-analysis included twelve studies involving 766 patients (1400 eyes: 748 receiving SMILE and 652 receiving FS-LASIK). Pooled results revealed no significant differences in the following outcomes: the logarithm of the mean angle of resolution (logMAR) of postoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity (weighted mean difference (WMD) = -0.01, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.02 to 0.00, I2 = 0%, P = 0.07 at 1 mo; WMD = -0.00, 95% CI: -0.01 to 0.01, I2 = 0%, P = 0.83 at 3 mo; WMD = -0.00, 95% CI: -0.01 to 0.00, I2 = 32%, P = 0.33 in the long term), and the postoperative mean refractive spherical equivalent (WMD = -0.03, 95% CI: -0.09 to 0.03, I2 = 13%, P = 0.30). However, the SMILE group had significantly better postoperative corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) than the FS-LASIK group (WMD = -0.04, 95% CI, -0.05 to -0.02, I2 = 0%, P<0.00001). In the long term, postoperative total higher-order aberration (WMD = -0.09, 95% CI: -0.10 to -0.07, I2 = 7%, P<0.00001) and postoperative spherical aberration (WMD = -0.15, 95% CI: -0.19 to -0.11, I2 = 29%, P<0.00001) were lower in the SMILE group than in the FS-LASIK group; a significant difference was also found in postoperative coma (WMD = -0.05, 95% CI: -0.06 to -0.03, I2 = 30%, P<0.00001). CONCLUSION: For patients with high myopia, both SMILE and FS-LASIK are safe, efficacious and predictable. However, the SMILE group demonstrated advantages over the FS-LASIK group in terms of postoperative CDVA, while SMILE induced less aberration than FS-LASIK. It remains to be seen whether SMILE can provide better visual quality than FS-LASIK; further comparative studies focused on high myopia are necessary.

Early visual quality outcomes after small-incision lenticule extraction surgery for correcting high myopic astigmatism.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate early optical quality outcomes after small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) surgery for correcting high myopic astigmatism. METHODS: This retrospective study enrolled 55 eyes from 37 patients who had preoperative myopic astigmatism of ≥2.00 diopters (D) who had been treated with SMILE surgery. Preoperatively, the mean cylinder was - 2.41 ± 0.54 D (range, - 2.00 D to - 4.50 D). The preoperative and postoperative visual outcomes, refraction, and higher-order aberration (HOA) at 1 and 3 months were compared. Refractive astigmatism changes were analyzed by the Alpins vector method. RESULTS: Three months after SMILE surgery, the average cylinder was - 0.14 ± 0.31 D, and the average astigmatism vector was - 0.09 D × 6.34°. The angle of error (AofE) was limited to within ±10°, and the magnitude of error was limited to within ±1.0 D in all patients. The correction index (CI) was 0.98 ± 0.07, the index of success (IOS) was 0.08 ± 0.13, and the flattening index (FI) was 0.97 ± 0.07. Significant positive correlations were found between IOS and |AofE| (P = 0.000); negative correlations were found between FI and |AofE| (P = 0.000). The postoperative total HOA, spherical aberration, vertical coma aberration, and trefoil 30° were increased significantly compared with preoperative measurements, and the increase in HOA was closely related to preoperative astigmatism (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: SMILE has preferable outcomes for correcting high myopic astigmatism. Axis rotation during the surgery might influence the undercorrection of astigmatism. The increase of HOA after surgery is related to preoperative astigmatism.

Spectrum Sensing Method Based on Information Geometry and Deep Neural Network.

Due to the scarcity of radio spectrum resources and the growing demand, the use of spectrum sensing technology to improve the utilization of spectrum resources has become a hot research topic. In order to improve the utilization of spectrum resources, this paper proposes a spectrum sensing method that combines information geometry and deep learning. Firstly, the covariance matrix of the sensing signal is projected onto the statistical manifold. Each sensing signal can be regarded as a point on the manifold. Then, the geodesic distance between the signals is perceived as its statistical characteristics. Finally, deep neural network is used to classify the dataset composed of the geodesic distance. Simulation experiments show that the proposed spectrum sensing method based on deep neural network and information geometry has better performance in terms of sensing precision.