Application of ecosystem value in policy system design: A case study of Fuzhou City, China.

On the basis of exploring the replicable, popularized and demonstrative accounting model of ecosystem value, it is critically needed to solve how to reasonably apply the accounting results of ecosystem value, form the application system of ecosystem value policy system, and promote the transformation of ecosystem service value from "accounting value" to "policy point". With the accounting of Fuzhou Gross Economic Ecological Product (GEEP) and Gross Ecosystem Product (GEP) as the starting point, we screened GEEP for indicators, calculated the green gold index and GEP per unit area, and analyzed the application mode in the policy and system design. The results showed that pollutant absorption, species conservation renewal energy values, wetland severe threat area proportion, air negative oxygen ions released volume, arable land occupancy rate, marine reclamation area proportion, carbon fixation quantity, oxygen release quantity, grassland cover change rate, coast protection area and environmental degradation cost of solid waste were the indicators significantly affecting the GEEP accounting results. The green gold index of Fuzhou City in 2015 and 2018 were 1.59 and 1.23, respectively, higher than that at the whole country level. The trends of GEP per unit area followed an order of wetland ecosystem> forest ecosystem> farmland ecosystem> grassland ecosystem> marine ecosystem. Based on the influencing factors of GEEP, green gold index and GEP per unit area, the management system and mode of "entering decision-making, planning, assessment and monitoring" of ecosystem values accounting results were constructed, which would provide a theoretical basis for the formation of a long-term mechanism for promoting the construction of ecological civilization in China.

Accounting and red uction path of carbon emission firom facility agriculture in China.

Facility agriculture, a typical agricultural production management mode, could affect carbon cycle due to its unique production environmental conditions and highly intensive utilization. With the five main sources as accounting objects, including agricultural film investment, energy consumption, pesticide and fertilizer application, CO2 fertilizer application, and facility soil, we estimated the amount and intensity of carbon emission of three facility agriculture (continuous greenhouse, solar greenhouse, and plastic greenhouse) in 31 provinces in 2018. The results showed that the total carbon emission of facility agriculture in China was 210.3817 million t CO2e, with the three facility agriculture types of plastic greenhouse, solar greenhouse, and continuous greenhouse accounting for 60.2%, 37.4% and 2.4%, respectively. Carbon emission of facility agriculture was mainly contributed by soil greenhouse gas, agricultural film and supplies investment. Carbon emission per unit area of continuous greenhouses was significantly lower than that of solar and plastic greenhouses. The scientific capital allocation rate and facility agriculture scale were the two main factors influencing the carbon emission in facility agriculture. Based on all the results, we presented the carbon emission reduction path from the three perspectives of improving the scientific investment, material consumption utilization rate, and facility area utilization rate of facility agriculture.

Thermal activation of serpentine for adsorption of cadmium.

Thermal activated serpentine with high adsorption capacity for heavy metals was prepared. The batch experiment studies were conducted to evaluate the adsorption performance of Cd2+ in aqueous solution using thermal activated serpentine as adsorbent. These samples before and after adsorption were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM, XPS, and N2 adsorption-desorption at low temperature. It was found that serpentine with layered structure transformed to forsterite with amorphous structure after thermal treatment at over 700°C, while the surface area of the samples was increased with activated temperature and the serpentine activated at 700°C (S-700) presented the largest surface area. The pH of solution after adsorption was increased in different degrees due to hydrolysis of MgO in serpentine, resulting in enhancing adsorption of Cd2+. The S-700 exhibited the maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity (15.21mg/g), which was 2 times more than pristine serpentine. Langmuir isotherm was proved to describe the equilibrium adsorption data better than Freundlich isotherm and pseudo second order kinetics model could fit the adsorption kinetics processes well. Based on the results of characterization with XPS and XRD, the adsorption mechanisms could be explained as primarily formation of CdCO3 and Cd(OH)2 precipitation on the surface of serpentine.

[Risk assessment and countermeasure of BTEX in pesticide factory].

BTEX are important environmental pollutants, harmful to human through respiratory inhalation, digestive tract and skin contact, and also have teratogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. BTEX were detected in multi-media to identify their distributions and assess their human health risk in a pesticide factory in Hebei province. Purge and trap GC-MS, adsorption/thermal desorption GC chromatography and the health risk assessment model were applied, and corresponding management measures were proposed. The results showed that BTEX existed in soil, dust, air, groundwater and wastewater. The concentration of BTEX in dust of the production area was 7.33 mg x kg(-1), in particular the concentration of toluene was 5.64 mg x kg(-1), exceeding the Canadian industrial land standard. Building three scenarios for working more than 10 years, 20 years and 30 years, the total non-carcinogens index was 4.19 x10(-3), 8.25 x 10(-3) and 1.22 x 10(-2), respectively, all lower than 1; the carcinogens index of benzene was 1.70 x 10(-7), 3.34 x 10(-7) and 4.92 x 10(-7), respectively, all lower than 10(-6). It indicated that there was no significant non-carcinogens and carcinogens hazard to workers inside the factory, but they might be exposed to more health risks if their work experience increase. Finally, recommendations for improving the environmental quality and personnel security in the factory were proposed based on the research results.

[Temporal variation of water quality and driving factors in Yanghe watershed of Zhangjiakou].

Yanghe is an important water source for Guanting Reservoir, which once supplied the Beijing city with drinking water, industrial process water and water-use in landscape. Based on the data of water quality monitored by Yanghe watershed monitoring stations from 1992 to 2009, 11 pollutants were selected for analysis. The trends of changes in water quality were figured out, and the major pollutants and driving factors were measured by the integrated standard index and grey correlation analytical methods. The results showed that there were two stages of water quality change in Yanghe watershed of Zhangjiakou. Firstly, the water was polluted seriously but recovered rapidly from 1992 to 1996. Secondly, although light pollution occurred in the watershed from 1997 to 2009, the pollution factors were still above the limits. The main pollution factors are ammonia nitrogen, petroleum, permanganate index, BOD5, Cr6+ and Cd. The main driving factor of water quality is the change of land use type, and the agricultural land showed less impact on water quality than the industrial land.