Natural variation in a K+ -preferring HKT transporter contributes to wheat shoot K+ accumulation and salt tolerance.

Soil salinity can adversely affect crop growth and yield, and an improved understanding of the genetic factors that confer salt tolerance could inform breeding strategies to engineer salt-tolerant crops and improve productivity. Here, a group of K+ -preferring HKT transporters, TaHKT8, TaHKT9 and TaHKT10, were identified and negatively regulate the wheat shoot K+ accumulation and salt tolerance. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) and candidate gene association analysis further revealed that TaHKT9-B substantially underlies the natural variation of wheat shoot K+ accumulation under saline soil conditions. Specifically, an auxin responsive element (ARE) within an 8-bp insertion in the promoter of TaHKT9-B is strongly associated with shoot K+ content among wheat accessions. This ARE can be directly bound by TaARF4 for transcriptional activation of TaHKT9-B, which subsequently attenuates shoot K+ accumulation and salt tolerance. Moreover, the tae-miR390/TaTAS3/TaARF4 pathway was identified to regulate the salt-induced root development and salt tolerance in wheat. Taken together, our study describes the genetic basis and accompanying mechanism driving phenotypic variation in wheat shoot K+ accumulation and salt tolerance. The identified tae-miR390/TaTAS3/TaARF4/TaHKT9-B module is an important regulator in wheat subjected to salt stress, which provides the potentially important genetic resources for breeders to improve wheat salt tolerance.

Wheat adaptation to environmental stresses under climate change: Molecular basis and genetic improvement.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a staple food for about 40% of the world's population. As the global population has grown and living standards improved, high yield and improved nutritional quality have become the main targets for wheat breeding. However, wheat production has been compromised by global warming through the more frequent occurrence of extreme temperature events, which have increased water scarcity, aggravated soil salinization, caused plants to be more vulnerable to diseases, and directly reduced plant fertility and suppressed yield. One promising option to address these challenges is the genetic improvement of wheat for enhanced resistance to environmental stress. Several decades of progress in genomics and genetic engineering has tremendously advanced our understanding of the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying abiotic and biotic stress responses in wheat. These advances have heralded what might be considered a "golden age" of functional genomics for the genetic improvement of wheat. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the molecular and genetic basis of wheat resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses, including the QTLs/genes involved, their functional and regulatory mechanisms, and strategies for genetic modification of wheat for improved stress resistance. In addition, we also provide perspectives on some key challenges that need to be addressed.

Duplicate Genes Contribute to Variability in Abiotic Stress Resistance in Allopolyploid Wheat.

Gene duplication is a universal biological phenomenon that drives genomic variation and diversity, plays a crucial role in plant evolution, and contributes to innovations in genetic engineering and crop development. Duplicated genes participate in the emergence of novel functionality, such as adaptability to new or more severe abiotic stress resistance. Future crop research will benefit from advanced, mechanistic understanding of the effects of gene duplication, especially in the development and deployment of high-performance, stress-resistant, elite wheat lines. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of gene duplication in wheat, including the principle of gene duplication and its effects on gene function, the diversity of duplicated genes, and how they have functionally diverged. Then, we discuss how duplicated genes contribute to abiotic stress response and the mechanisms of duplication. Finally, we have a future prospects section that discusses the direction of future efforts in the short term regarding the elucidation of replication and retention mechanisms of repetitive genes related to abiotic stress response in wheat, excellent gene function research, and practical applications.

TaERF87 and TaAKS1 synergistically regulate TaP5CS1/TaP5CR1-mediated proline biosynthesis to enhance drought tolerance in wheat.

Drought stress limits wheat production and threatens food security world-wide. While ethylene-responsive factors (ERFs) are known to regulate plant response to drought stress, the regulatory mechanisms responsible for a tolerant phenotype remain unclear. Here, we describe the positive regulatory role of TaERF87 in mediating wheat tolerance to drought stress. TaERF87 overexpression (OE) enhances drought tolerance, while silencing leads to drought sensitivity in wheat. RNA sequencing with biochemical assays revealed that TaERF87 activates the expression of the proline biosynthesis genes TaP5CS1 and TaP5CR1 via direct binding to GCC-box elements. Furthermore, proline accumulates to higher levels in TaERF87- and TaP5CS1-OE lines than that in wild-type plants under well-watered and drought stress conditions concomitantly with enhanced drought tolerance in these transgenic lines. Moreover, the interaction between TaERF87 and the bHLH transcription factor TaAKS1 synergistically enhances TaP5CS1 and TaP5CR1 transcriptional activation. TaAKS1 OE also increases wheat drought tolerance by promoting proline accumulation. Additionally, our findings verified that TaERF87 and TaAKS1 are targets of abscisic acid-responsive element binding factor 2 (TaABF2). Together, our study elucidates the mechanisms underlying a positive response to drought stress mediated by the TaABF2-TaERF87/TaAKS1-TaP5CS1/TaP5CR1 module, and identifies candidate genes for the development of elite drought-tolerant wheat varieties.

A gain-of-function allele of a DREB transcription factor gene ameliorates drought tolerance in wheat.

Drought is a major environmental factor limiting wheat production worldwide. However, the genetic components underlying wheat drought tolerance are largely unknown. Here, we identify a DREB transcription factor gene (TaDTG6-B) by genome-wide association study that is tightly associated with drought tolerance in wheat. Candidate gene association analysis revealed that a 26-bp deletion in the TaDTG6-B coding region induces a gain-of-function for TaDTG6-BDel574, which exhibits stronger transcriptional activation, protein interactions, and binding activity to dehydration-responsive elements (DRE)/CRT cis-elements than the TaDTG6-BIn574 encoded by the allele lacking the deletion, thus conferring greater drought tolerance in wheat seedlings harboring this variant. Knockdown of TaDTG6-BDel574 transcripts attenuated drought tolerance in transgenic wheat, whereas its overexpression resulted in enhanced drought tolerance without accompanying phenotypic abnormalities. Furthermore, the introgression of the TaDTG6-BDel574 elite allele into drought-sensitive cultivars improved their drought tolerance, thus providing a valuable genetic resource for wheat breeding. We also identified 268 putative target genes that are directly bound and transcriptionally regulated by TaDTG6-BDel574. Further analysis showed that TaDTG6-BDel574 positively regulates TaPIF1 transcription to enhance wheat drought tolerance. These results describe the genetic basis and accompanying mechanism driving phenotypic variation in wheat drought tolerance, and provide a novel genetic resource for crop breeding programs.

Genome-wide association study revealed TaHXK3-2A as a candidate gene controlling stomatal index in wheat seedlings.

Stomata are important channels for the control of gas exchange between plants and the atmosphere. To examine the genetic architecture of wheat stomatal index, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using a panel of 539 wheat accessions and 450 678 polymorphic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were detected using wheat-specific 660K SNP array. A total of 130 SNPs were detected to be significantly associated with stomatal index in both leaf surfaces of wheat seedlings. These significant SNPs were distributed across 16 chromosomes and involved 2625 candidate genes which participate in stress response, metabolism and cell/organ development. Subsequent bulk segregant analysis (BSA), combined with GWAS identified one major haplotype on chromosome 2A, that is responsible for stomatal index on the abaxial leaf surface. Candidate gene association analysis revealed that genetic variation in the promoter region of the hexokinase gene TaHXK3-2A was significantly associated with the stomatal index. Moreover, transgenic analysis confirmed that TaHXK3-2A overexpression in wheat decreased the size of leaf pavement cells but increased stomatal density through the glucose metabolic pathway, resulting in drought sensitivity among TaHXK3-2A transgenic lines due to an increased transpiration rate. Taken together, these results provide valuable insights into the genetic control of the stomatal index in wheat seedlings.

Genome-wide analysis of trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatases (TPP) gene family in wheat indicates their roles in plant development and stress response.

BACKGROUND: Trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatases genes (TPPs) are involved in the development and stress response of plants by regulating the biosynthesis of trehalose, though little is currently known about TPPs in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). RESULTS: In this study, we performed a genome-wide identification of the TPP gene family in common wheat, and identified a total of 31 TaTPP genes. These were subdivided into six subfamilies based on the phylogenetic relationships and the conservation of protein in six monocot and eudicot plants. The majority of TPP genes were represented by 2-3 wheat homoalleles (named TaTPPX_ZA, TaTPPX_ZB, or TaTPPX_ZD), where Z is the location on the wheat chromosome of the gene number (X). We also analyzed the chromosomal location, exon-intron structure, orthologous genes, and protein motifs of the TaTPPs. The RNA-seq data was used to perform an expression analysis, which found 26 TaTPP genes to be differentially expressed based on spatial and temporal characteristics, indicating they have varied functions in the growth and development of wheat. Additionally, we assessed how the promoter regulatory elements were organized and used qRT-PCR in the leaves to observe how they were expressed following ABA, salt, low tempreture, and drought stress treatments. All of these genes exhibited differential expression against one or more stress treatments. Furthermore, ectopic expression of TaTPP11 in Arabidopsis exhibited a phenotype that delayed plant development but did not affect seed morphology. CONCLUSIONS: TaTPPs could serve important roles in the development and stress response in wheat. These results provide a basis for subsequent research into the function of TaTPPs.

The wheat ABA receptor gene TaPYL1-1B contributes to drought tolerance and grain yield by increasing water-use efficiency.

The role of abscisic acid (ABA) receptors, PYR1/PYL/RCAR (PYLs), is well established in ABA signalling and plant drought response, but limited research has explored the regulation of wheat PYLs in this process, especially the effects of their allelic variations on drought tolerance or grain yield. Here, we found that the overexpression of a TaABFs-regulated PYL gene, TaPYL1-1B, exhibited higher ABA sensitivity, photosynthetic capacity and water-use efficiency (WUE), all contributed to higher drought tolerance than that of wild-type plants. This heightened water-saving mechanism further increased grain yield and protected productivity during water deficit. Candidate gene association analysis revealed that a favourable allele TaPYL1-1BIn-442 , carrying an MYB recognition site insertion in the promoter, is targeted by TaMYB70 and confers enhanced expression of TaPYL1-1B in drought-tolerant genotypes. More importantly, an increase in frequency of the TaPYL1-1BIn-442 allele over decades among modern Chinese cultivars and its association with high thousand-kernel weight together demonstrated that it was artificially selected during wheat improvement efforts. Taken together, our findings illuminate the role of TaPYL1-1B plays in coordinating drought tolerance and grain yield. In particular, the allelic variant TaPYL1-1BIn-442 substantially contributes to enhanced drought tolerance while maintaining high yield, and thus represents a valuable genetic target for engineering drought-tolerant wheat germplasm.

Variation in cis-regulation of a NAC transcription factor contributes to drought tolerance in wheat.

Drought is a major environmental factor limiting wheat production worldwide, and developing drought-tolerant cultivars is a central challenge for wheat breeders globally. Therefore, it is important to identify genetic components determining drought tolerance in wheat. In this study, we identified a wheat NAC gene (TaNAC071-A) that is tightly associated with drought tolerance by a genome-wide association study. Knockdown of TaNAC071-A in wheat attenuated plant drought tolerance, whereas its overexpression significantly enhanced drought tolerance through improved water-use efficiency and increased expression of stress-responsive genes. This heightened water-saving mechanism mitigated the yield loss caused by water deficit. Further candidate gene association analysis showed that a 108-bp insertion in the promoter of TaNAC071-A alters its expression level and contributes to variation in drought tolerance among wheat accessions. This insertion contains two MYB cis-regulatory elements (CREs) that can be directly bound by the MYB transcription activator, TaMYBL1, thereby leading to increased TaNAC071-A expression and plant drought tolerance. Importantly, introgression of this 108-bp insertion allele, TaNAC071-AIn-693, into drought-sensitive cultivars could improve their drought tolerance, demonstrating that it is a valuable genetic resource for wheat breeding. Taken together, our findings highlight a major breakthrough in determining the genetic basis underlying phenotypic variation in wheat drought tolerance and showcase the potential of exploiting CRE-containing indels for improving important agronomical traits.

Targeted-delivery of siRNA via a polypeptide-modified liposome for the treatment of gp96 over-expressed breast cancer.

Targeted gene therapy has led to significant breakthroughs in cancer treatment. Heat shock protein gp96 is an emerging target for tumor treatment because of its transfer ability from reticulum to tumor cell surface. CDO14 is a peptide cationic liposome developed in our laboratory with higher gene transfection efficiency and lower toxicity compared with the existing cationic liposomes. In this study, gp96-targeted liposome p37-CDO14 was constructed by modifying cationic liposome CDO14 with a gp96 inhibitor, helical polypeptide p37. Liposome p37-CDO14 could specifically bind to breast cancer cells with gp96-overexpression on the cell membrane. Both liposomes CDO14 and p37-CDO14 showed high delivery efficiency for survivin siRNA (siSuvi) to SK-BR-3 and MCF-7 cells via obviously decreased survivin expression level and cell viability. P37-CDO14 significantly increased the accumulation of FAM-siRNA in tumor compared with CDO14. SiSuvi transfected by CDO14 and p37-CDO14 could inhibit the growth of xenograft in mice and the expression of survivin in tumor tissues. The anti-tumor effect of siSuvi delivered by p37-CDO14 was much higher than that delivered by CDO14. This suggests that targeted liposome p37-CDO14 is a potential gene vector for the therapy of gp96 overexpressed breast cancer.

CeO2@SiO2 Core-Shell Nanostructure-Supported CuO as High-Temperature-Tolerant Catalysts for CO Oxidation.

Supported CuO-CeO2 catalysts have been extensively studied for their outstanding catalytic activity in CO oxidation. Unfortunately, they are prone to sintering and deactivation when exposed to high-temperature automotive exhausts. Herein, taking advantage of the heat-resistant SiO2 microspheres, we fabricated a series of core-shell-structured yCuO- xCeO2@SiO2 ( x is the weight ratio of CeO2-SiO2 and y is the weight ratio of Cu-(CeO2@SiO2)) composite catalysts. All the small CeO2 particles were bound to the SiO2 spheres, forming an xCeO2@SiO2 structure, on the surface of which a certain amount of CuO was well-dispersed. The 5CuO-50CeO2@SiO2 catalyst exhibited good activity, with the full conversion of CO achieved at around 130 °C, and no obvious deactivation was observed in the stability test. Importantly, the interaction between CuO and CeO2@SiO2 enhanced its durability at high temperatures. Even at 800 °C and with a space velocity of 800 000 mL·gcat-1·h-1, CO conversion could be maintained at 90%, which is prospectively applied in a real CO elimination system. The result of the temperature-programmed reduction in hydrogen demonstrated that this special core-shell-structured 5CuO-50CeO2@SiO2 catalyst improved the reduction ability of the CuO species. In situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy measurements further confirmed that CO molecules preferred to be adsorbed on Cu(I) species to form reactive CO-Cu(I) that enhanced the reactivity of the 5CuO-50CeO2@SiO2 catalyst.

Toxicological exploration of peptide-based cationic liposomes in siRNA delivery.

The toxicology of cationic liposomes was explored to advance clinical trials of liposome-mediated gene therapy through the analysis of a peptide cationic liposome with DOTAP as a positive control. We first investigated the delivery of luciferase siRNA by several peptide liposomes in mice bearing lung cancer A549 cell xenografts. Of these, a cationic liposome (CDO14) was selected for further investigation. CDO14 efficiently mediated IGF-1R-siRNA delivery and inhibited the growth of the A549 cell xenografts. The in vivo toxicity and toxicological mechanisms of the selected liposome were evaluated to assess its potential utility for gene delivery. Specifically, the effects of CDO14 on mouse body weight, hematology, urine, serum biochemical indices, and histopathology were measured in acute toxicity and subchronic toxicity tests. CDO14 showed limited toxicological effects at low dosages although it induced pulmonary inflammation and liver injury at higher dosages. The toxicity of CDO14 was lower than that of DOTAP, and the toxicity of CDO14 did not change when complexed with siRNA. The pulmonary inflammation induced by CDO14 occurred via expressional up-regulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, and expressional down-regulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Liver injury induced by CDO14 was mediated by the JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway. Lastly, CDO14 did not affect the expression of apoptosis-related proteins in normal liver cells, suggesting that it did not induce apoptosis of normal cells. The toxicological results demonstrate that peptide-based headgroups in lipids are superior to those with quaternary ammonium headgroups that are used as gene vectors for cancer therapy.

Effects of specific egg yolk immunoglobulin on pan-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.

With the growing emergence of pan-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (PDR-Ab) strains in clinical, new strategies for the treatment of PDR-Ab infections are urgently needed. Egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) as a convenient and inexpensive antibody has been widely applied to the therapy of infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to produce IgY specific to PDR-Ab and investigate its antibacterial effects in vitro and in vivo. IgYs specific to two PDR-Ab strains were produced by immunizing hens with formaldehyde inactivated PDR-Ab cells and isolated from yolks with a purity of 90% by water dilution, salt precipitations and ultrafiltration. IgYs showed high titers when subjected to an ELISA and inhibited the growth of PDR-Ab in a dose-dependent manner in liquid medium. Scanning electron microscopy assay showed structural modification and aggregation of PDR-Ab treated with specific IgYs. Freshly cultured PDR-Ab cells were nasally inhaled in BALB/c mice to induce acute pneumonia. The infected mice were intraperitoneally injected with specific IgYs using cefoperazone/sulbactam and dexamethasone as positive controls. The IgYs specific to PDR-Ab lowered the mortality of mice with PDR-Ab-induced acute pneumonia, decreased the level of TNF-α and IL-1ß in serum and reduced inflammation in lung tissue. Specific IgY has the potential to be used as a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of A. baumannii-induced infections.

7-O-geranylquercetin-induced autophagy contributes to apoptosis via ROS generation in human non-small cell lung cancer cells.

AIMS: To investigate the antitumor effects of 7-O-geranylquercetin (GQ), a novel O-alkylated derivative of quercetin, against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines A549 and NCI-H1975 and the corresponding mechanisms. MAIN METHODS: Cell viability was assessed using MTT assay. The expression of proteins involved in apoptosis and autophagy was measured using western blotting. Besides, apoptosis was determined with DAPI staining, Annexin V-PI staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) assay, and autophagy was observed with TEM assay. Cell cycle and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level were detected using flow cytometry. KEY FINDINGS: GQ inhibited viability of A549 and NCI-H1975 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner without apparent cytotoxicity to normal human lung fibroblast cells. GQ down-regulated the expression of apoptosis-related proteins pro-caspase 3 and Bcl-2, and up-regulated the expression of cleaved-PARP and Bax in A549 and NCI-H1975 cells. Meanwhile, GQ-induced cell apoptosis could be attenuated by caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK. Besides, GQ induced autophagosome formation in A549 and NCI-H1975 cells, promoted the expression of autophagy-related proteins LC3-II and Beclin 1, and suppressed the expression of p62. Autophagy inhibition with chloroquine or Beclin 1 siRNA could effectively inhibit GQ-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, GQ treatment increased the generation of ROS, and ROS inhibitor N-acetylcysteine could reverse GQ-induced autophagy and apoptosis. Taken together, GQ could induce apoptosis and autophagy via ROS generation in A549 and NCI-H1975 cells, and GQ-induced autophagy contributed to apoptosis. SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings highlight that GQ is a promising anticancer agent for the treatment of lung cancer.

Catalytically active ceria-supported cobalt-manganese oxide nanocatalysts for oxidation of carbon monoxide.

A low-concentration cobalt (∼6 at%) and manganese (∼3 at%) bimetallic oxide catalyst supported on ceria nanorods (CoMnOx/CeO2), as well as its related single metal oxide counterparts (CoOx/CeO2 and MnOx/CeO2) was synthesized via a deposition-precipitation approach. The fresh samples after air-calcination at 400 °C were tested under the reaction conditions of CO oxidation, and showed the following order of reactivity: CoMnOx/CeO2 > CoOx/CeO2 > MnOx/CeO2. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) data identified that the structure of the CeO2 support was maintained during deposition of metal (Co, Mn) ions while the corresponding vis-Raman spectra verified that more oxygen vacancies were created after deposition-precipitation than those in pure ceria nanorods. Aberration-corrected, high-angle, annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) images with the help of electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) analyses determined two types of cobalt species, i.e. ultra-fine clusters (<2 nm) and smaller nanocrystals (up to 5 nm) in CoOx/CeO2 while only bigger nanostructures (∼10 nm) of cobalt-manganese oxides in CoMnOx/CeO2. X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements demonstrated the presence of a cubic Co3O4 phase in all the cobalt-based catalysts. The fitting results of the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) indicated that the introduction of the secondary metal (Mn) oxide significantly enhanced the two-dimensional growth of cobalt oxide nanostructures on the surface of CeO2. Therefore, the enhanced activity of CO oxidation reaction over the bimetallic cobalt-manganese oxide nanocatalyst can be attributed to the higher crystallinity of the Co3O4 phase in this work.

7-O-Geranylquercetin induces apoptosis in gastric cancer cells via ROS-MAPK mediated mitochondrial signaling pathway activation.

7-O-Geranylquercetin (GQ) is a novel O-alkylated derivate of quercetin. In this study, we evaluated its apoptosis induction effects in human gastric cancer cell lines SGC-7901 and MGC-803 and explored the potential molecular mechanisms. The results demonstrated that GQ lowered viability of SGC-7901 and MGC-803 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner without apparent cytotoxicity to human gastric epithelial cell line GES-1. GQ could induce apoptosis in SGC-7901 and MGC-803cells, and arrest the gastric cancer cells at G2/M phase. Mechanism study showed that GQ triggered generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), then activated p38 and JNK signaling pathways, subsequently led to mitochondrial impairment by regulating the expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xl and Bax, and finally promoted the release of cytochrome c and the activation of caspases to induce apoptosis. In addition, Z-VAD-FMK (caspase inhibitor) could reverse GQ-induced apoptosis. SB203580 (p38 inhibitor) and SP600125 (JNK inhibitor) could rescue GQ-induced cell death and attenuate mitochondrial signal pathway activation. Furthermore, NAC (ROS inhibitor) could rescue GQ-induced cell death, reduce ROS generation, decrease the phosphorylation of p38 and JNK, and then attenuate the activation of mitochondrial signal pathway. Taken together, GQ induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in gastric cancer cells through activating ROS-MAPK mediated mitochondrial signal pathway. This study highlights the potential use of GQ as a gastric cancer therapeutic agent.