[Inversion of Water Quality Parameters Based on UAV Multispectral Images and the OPT-MPP Algorithm].

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) multispectral remote sensing can be used to monitor multiple water quality parameters, such as suspended solids, turbidity, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll. Establishing a stable and accurate water quality parameter inversion model is a prerequisite for this work. The matching pixel-by-pixel (MPP) algorithm is an inversion algorithm for high resolution features of UAV images; however, it is associated with problems of excessive computation and over-fitting. To overcome these problems, the optimize-MPP (OPT-MPP) algorithm is proposed. In this study, Qingshan Lake in Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, was used as the research area. Forty-five samples were collected to construct the OPT-MPP algorithm inversion model for two water quality parameters:the suspended sediments concentration (SS) and turbidity (TU). The results showed that the optimal suspended sediment concentration inversion model had a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.7870 and a comprehensive error of 0.1308. The optimal turbidity inversion model had a R2 of 0.8043 and a comprehensive error of 0.1503. Hence, the inversion of the spatial distribution information for water quality parameters in each experimental area of QingShan Lake was realized by using the optimal models of the two established parameters.

Prevention and Control of Pathogens Based on Big-Data Mining and Visualization Analysis.

Morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases rank first among all human illnesses. Many pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear, while misuse of antibiotics has led to the emergence of drug-resistant strains. Infectious diseases spread rapidly and pathogens mutate quickly, posing new threats to human health. However, with the increasing use of high-throughput screening of pathogen genomes, research based on big data mining and visualization analysis has gradually become a hot topic for studies of infectious disease prevention and control. In this paper, the framework was performed on four infectious pathogens (Fusobacterium, Streptococcus, Neisseria, and Streptococcus salivarius) through five functions: 1) genome annotation, 2) phylogeny analysis based on core genome, 3) analysis of structure differences between genomes, 4) prediction of virulence genes/factors with their pathogenic mechanisms, and 5) prediction of resistance genes/factors with their signaling pathways. The experiments were carried out from three angles: phylogeny (macro perspective), structure differences of genomes (micro perspective), and virulence and drug-resistance characteristics (prediction perspective). Therefore, the framework can not only provide evidence to support the rapid identification of new or unknown pathogens and thus plays a role in the prevention and control of infectious diseases, but also help to recommend the most appropriate strains for clinical and scientific research. This paper presented a new genome information visualization analysis process framework based on big data mining technology with the accommodation of the depth and breadth of pathogens in molecular level research.

[Value of three scoring systems in evaluating the prognosis of children with severe sepsis].

OBJECTIVE: To study the predictive value of Pediatric Age-adapted Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score (pSOFA), Pediatric Risk of Mortality Score III (PRISM III), and Pediatric Critical Illness Score (PCIS) in children with severe sepsis. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 193 hospitalized children with severe sepsis. According to the final outcome, these children were divided into a survival group with 151 children and a death group with 42 children. The scores of pSOFA, PRISM III, and PCIS were determined according to the worst values of each index within 24 hours after admission. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the efficiency of each scoring system in predicting the risk of death due to sepsis. Smooth curve fitting was used to analyze the correlation between the three scoring systems and the threshold effect of each scoring system. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was used to evaluate the application value of each scoring system. RESULTS: The ROC analysis showed that PCIS and pSOFA had a similar predictive value (P=0.182) and that PRISM III and pSOFA had a similar predictive value (P=0.210), while PRISM III had a better predictive value than PCIS (P=0.045). PRISM III had the highest degree of fitting with prognosis, followed by pSOFA and PCIS. The DCA analysis showed that when the risk of death was 0.4 and 0.6 in children with severe sepsis and the three scoring systems were used as the basis for emergency intervention decision-making, pSOFA achieved the highest standardized net benefit, followed by PRISM III and PCIS. CONCLUSIONS: All three scoring systems have a certain value in predicting the prognosis of children with severe sepsis, and pSOFA has a better value than PRISM III and PCIS.

[Comparison of clinical features and co-infection between pneumonia caused by influenza virus A and pneumonia caused by influenza virus B among children].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical features and co-infection between pneumonia caused by influenza virus A (IVA) and pneumonia caused by influenza virus B (IVB) among children. METHODS: A total of 165 children with pneumonia caused by influenza virus (IV) were included in the study. These subjects were divided into IVA(n=71) and IVB pneumonia groups (n=94) according to the subtypes of IV. The IVA pneumonia group was further divided into simple infection (n=14) and co-infection subgroups (n=57), and the IVB pneumonia group was also further divided into simple infection (n=27) and co-infection subgroups (n=67). Co-infection rate and pathogen spectrum were analysed in children with IV pneumonia. RESULTS: The IVB pneumonia group had significantly increased mean age of onset and significantly prolonged mean duration of fever compared with the IVA pneumonia group (P<0.05). Co-infection rate among children with IV pneumonia was 75.2%, who were co-infected with bacteria (44.2%), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP, 21.8%) and other viruses (45.5%). Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was most common in children co-infected viruses (89% ). The rate of co-infection with RSV was significantly higher in the IVA pneumonia group than in the IVB pneumonia group. There were no significant differences in age, length of hospital stay, duration of fever, percentage of neutrophils, prealbumin, C-reactive protein, alanine aminotransferase, and creatine kinase-MB between the simple infection and co-infection subgroups of each group. CONCLUSIONS: Children with IVB pneumonia have prolonged duration of fever and increased age of onset compared with those with IVA pneumonia. Co-infection rate is high among children with IV pneumonia, who may be co-infected with bacteria, viruses and MP. Co-infection with RSV is more common in children with IVA pneumonia. It is difficult to identify the presense of co-infection using clinical indices.

[Monitoring of influenza virus B and clinical features of pediatric pneumonia caused by influenza virus B only].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the epidemiological features of influenza virus B (IVB) in the winter and the clinical features of pediatric pneumonia caused by IVB only. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed on the clinical data of children with respiratory infection who received pathogen testing and therapy at Soochow University Affiliated Children's Hospital during the winters of 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011. RESULTS: The positive rates of influenza viruses A and B in the winters of 2008, 2009, and 2010 were 0.89%, 5.49%, and 6.24% respectively; the positive rate of influenza viruses A and B in the winter of 2011 was 8.72%, significantly higher than those in 2008-2010. The positive rates of IVB in the winters of 2008, 2009, and 2010 were 0%, 0%, and 0.21% respectively; the positive rate of IVB in the winter of 2011 was 5.36%, which was significantly higher than in the years 2008 to 2010. Pneumonia caused by IVB was confirmed in 94 children during the winter of 2011, including 27 cases of pneumonia caused by IVB only. Most of children with pneumonia caused by IVB only were aged over 6 months. The common symptoms in the 27 children caused by IVB only were fever (85%), runny nose (89%), and cough (100%). Wheezing (26%) and dyspnea (7%) were also seen in some cases. Among the 27 children, 19% showed abnormal white blood cell count, 30% showed increased C-reactive protein, 70% showed decreased prealbumin, and none showed visible organ dysfunction. No specific imaging findings were seen in the children with pneumonia caused by IVB only. However, many abnormal humoral and cellular immunological parameters were found in the majority of these children. The average length of hospital stay was approximately one week, there were no critical patients and the prognosis was good. CONCLUSIONS: Influenza viruses were at a peak level in inpatient children in the winter of 2011. IVB infection rate was gradually increasing. In children with pneumonia caused by IVB only, there are few critical patients, the symptoms are nonspecific and the prognosis is good.