ABSTRACT
The first difficult contraceptive implant removals clinic in sub-Saharan Africa was started 2 years ago at New Somerset Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa, and has seen two cases of implant migration. We report these cases here. The first was a case of fascial migration and the second one of migration via the cephalic vein, both to a site just anterior to the glenohumeral joint. Both implants were removed without complications. Even with correct insertion technique, migrations can occur. Healthcare providers need to know how to manage difficult removals, and how to access and refer to difficult removals services when necessary. These services must therefore be available in all settings where implants are offered, to ensure access to rights-based family planning services for all women in southern Africa.
Subject(s)
Contraceptive Agents, Female , Desogestrel , Device Removal , Foreign-Body Migration/diagnostic imaging , Foreign-Body Migration/surgery , Adult , Female , Humans , Radiography , Shoulder Joint/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
The finding of bland, sterile vegetations in children with severe tetralogy of Fallot is unexpected, and to our knowledge, has not been reported previously. Eight patients diagnosed with tetralogy between January 1993 and July 1997 had sterile vegetations proven by histological and microbiological evaluation, in their right ventricular outflow tracts. Four of these patients were experiencing severe hypercyanotic spells, and four had severely reduced effort tolerance at presentation. They all underwent cardiac catheterization and were submitted for surgical repair. At surgery, the vegetations were thought to be causing further narrowing of the already tight fibrotic infundibular stenosis. Two of these patients had evidence of damaged valves, without evidence of active endocarditis. Although initially sterile, these vegetations, may in some instances, become infected.
Subject(s)
Endocarditis/complications , Tetralogy of Fallot/complications , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Diagnosis, Differential , Echocardiography, Doppler , Endocarditis/diagnostic imaging , Endocarditis/microbiology , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Tetralogy of Fallot/diagnostic imaging , Tetralogy of Fallot/microbiology , Tetralogy of Fallot/surgeryABSTRACT
The presenting features and treatment responses of six children with junctional ectopic tachycardia are evaluated. Two of the patients were siblings and both presented in early childhood with cardiopulmonary failure. The elder sibling died, the surviving sibling was controlled on a combination of amiodarone, digoxin, and sotalol. The remaining four patients presented in later childhood with tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy. Two of the patients were diagnosed incidentally and have normalised their myocardial function on sotalol therapy. The other two presented in congestive cardiac failure. Radiofrequency His bundle ablation and insertion of a permanent pacemaker to control the arrhythmia was undertaken in the elder of the two patients. The remaining patient has had marginal recovery of myocardial function on a combination of amiodarone and sotalol treatment. Improvement in myocardial function may take several months and is dependent on control of the tachycardia in some patients. Sotalol, when used as single or combination treatment, was partially successful in four cases in reducing heart rate. None of the patients reverted to sinus rhythm.
Subject(s)
Electrocardiography , Tachycardia, Ectopic Junctional/diagnosis , Amiodarone/therapeutic use , Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/therapeutic use , Cardiac Pacing, Artificial , Catheter Ablation , Child , Child, Preschool , Digoxin/therapeutic use , Drug Therapy, Combination , Female , Heart Failure/etiology , Heart Failure/therapy , Humans , Infant , Male , Retrospective Studies , Sotalol/therapeutic use , Tachycardia, Ectopic Junctional/drug therapy , Tachycardia, Ectopic Junctional/surgeryABSTRACT
A case of right-sided endocarditis due to Salmonella typhi is described involving a native tricuspid valve in a child who was human immunodeficiency virus negative with no evidence of intravenous drug addiction. The patient had classic features of typhoid and tricuspid regurgitation without clinical evidence of bacterial endocarditis. Transthoracic echocardiography confirmed the tricuspid regurgitation. However, transesophageal echocardiography was necessary to demonstrate the vegetations affecting the tricuspid valve leaflets that made possible the diagnosis of endocarditis. The infection was cured with intravenous ceftriaxone and oral amoxicillin.
Subject(s)
Endocarditis, Bacterial/diagnosis , Salmonella typhi/isolation & purification , Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency/diagnostic imaging , Typhoid Fever/diagnosis , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Child , Diagnosis, Differential , Disease-Free Survival , Drug Therapy, Combination/therapeutic use , Echocardiography, Transesophageal , Endocarditis, Bacterial/diagnostic imaging , Endocarditis, Bacterial/drug therapy , Humans , Male , Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency/drug therapy , Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency/etiology , Typhoid Fever/diagnostic imaging , Typhoid Fever/drug therapyABSTRACT
Knowledge-based systems (KBSs) in medicine have received much attention over the past two decades, mainly because of the potential benefits that can be gained from using them. They may facilitate in increasing productivity in a medical environment, support the making of diagnoses and other types of medical decisions, assist in the training of medical professionals, and can even handle some routine tasks in a medical environment. However, some critical problems in this field have also been identified. For example, research indicated that some problems can be solved partially, but not completely, with existing artificial intelligence techniques. Another problem is that many of the existing medical information systems do not support the integration of KBSs in a natural way. Furthermore, the routine use of a medical KBS is complicated by legal issues. These and other problems contribute to what we experience today: a large proportion of the medical KB applications that are developed is never actually used in practice. This justifies questions such as: Should developing countries, having limited infrastructure and research resources, invest in medical KBSs research and development, or should this field be regarded as a luxury that only belongs to developed countries?, and: Can developing countries really benefit from the use of these systems? These questions are discussed in this paper. We highlight the main problems surrounding the development and use of medical KBSs. With the focus on developing countries we discuss potential benefits that could be obtained by investing in these systems and we offer guidelines for focusing research and development of medical KBSs.
Subject(s)
Artificial Intelligence , Developing Countries , Medical Informatics Applications , Information SystemsABSTRACT
Vervet monkeys ( Ceropithecus aethiops pygerethrus ) were placed on semipurified diets containing 14% fat of which 3.2 or 6.0% was present as trans-unsaturated fatty acid (t-FA). Two groups were fed the high and low levels of t-FA for a year and two others were fed t-FA for 6 months and then returned to the control diet for 6 months more. One other group was fed the control diet for a year. The control diet contained 14% fat which was a mixture of 72% olive oil and 28% corn oil. There were no significant differences in weight gain. Monkeys fed 6% t-FA or control diets for one year had lowest liver weights. Serum cholesterol and triglycerides in monkeys fed 3.2% t-FA for one year were 134 and 55 mg/dl, respectively; in monkeys returned to control diet after 6 months on 6% t-FA the values were 146 and 50 g/dl. Serum and triglyceride levels for the other 3 groups were 166 +/- 2 and 70 +/- 2 mg/dl. Liver cholesterol levels ranged from 4.0 mg/g (3.2% t-FA) to 4.7 mg/g (control) and 4.8 mg/g (6% t-FA). Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity was 59.0 microM/h for controls and ranged from 52.4 microM/h (3.2% t-FA) to 73.4 microM/h (6% t-FA). Cholesterol synthesis by liver slices was not affected by diet when the substrate was acetate. When mevalonate was used, the monkeys fed either level of t-FA for 12 months exhibited greatly reduced (about 80%) cholesterogenesis. The levels of t-FA in serum and liver reflected the amount in the diet. After being returned to control diet levels of t-FA in serum and liver of monkeys (fed 3.2% t-FA) fell by 97 and 94%, respectively, and those in serum and liver of monkeys fed 6% t-FA fell by 65 and 91%. There were no significant differences in aortic atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Subject(s)
Arteriosclerosis/metabolism , Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/pharmacology , Animals , Body Weight , Cholesterol/biosynthesis , Female , Haplorhini , Liver/analysis , Liver/enzymology , Male , Sex Factors , Triglycerides/bloodABSTRACT
This dietary study was part of a nutritional status survey carried out at the request of the Ciskeian Government to provide a baseline from which to formulate a nutrition policy. Nutrient intake was assessed by means of a 24-hour recall of food intake and a diet history, recorded for 750 subjects including children aged 6-23 months, 2-3 years and 7-8 years and lactating women. Nutrient intake was evaluated according to WHO standards. The prevalence of inadequate energy intake was high, especially among the 7-8-year-old children. For all age groups protein represented 11% of total energy intake, but was mainly of low quality. Calcium and iron intakes were low in all age groups, especially in lactating women. For all groups the most deficient vitamin was nicotinic acid, followed by riboflavin and ascorbic acid. This deficiency pattern was the result of a diet consisting predominantly of maize.
Subject(s)
Diet Surveys , Diet/standards , Nutrition Surveys , Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Adult , Black or African American , Age Factors , Black People , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Lactation , Male , Pregnancy , South AfricaABSTRACT
A three-community study of rural Afrikaans-speaking Whites in the south-western Cape revealed that the major reversible risk factors hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension and smoking, as well as 'minor' factors such as inactivity, obesity, hyperuricaemia, coronary-prone behaviour and the irreversible risk factors of chest pain, ischaemic changes on the ECG and a family history of ischaemic heart disease (IHD), were exceedingly common. Singly or in combination, the major risk factors were present in the great majority of the study population after the age of 44 years. The interaction of high levels of lifestyle-induced risk factors with constitutional predisposition could adequately explain any excess risk of IHD in the Afrikaans-speaking community. The almost universal risk factor prevalence in this study has major implications for any preventive strategy.
Subject(s)
Coronary Disease/epidemiology , Rural Health , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Blood Pressure , Cholesterol/blood , Female , Health Surveys , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Risk , Sex Factors , Smoking , South AfricaABSTRACT
Nutritional status indicators were assessed chemically in blood and urine taken from 625 Transkeians drawn from three age-groups in each of two regions: one with a moderate risk for esophageal cancer and one with a very high risk. Aggregate mean values for protein, albumin, vitamin A, and phosphorus were generally acceptable, but many subjects had inadequate (though not necessarily deficient) values for nicotinic acid (74% of subjects), magnesium (60%), vitamin C (55%), carotene (53%), riboflavin (41%), calcium (35%), and zinc (27%). Groups at highest risk for esophageal cancer had markedly lower serum magnesium and carotene concentrations and mildly depressed hemoglobin and hematocrit values, but such findings are not necessarily associated with esophageal cancer etiology. Possible intestinal malabsorption in the populations at highest risk may be associated with the unusually high fiber and phytate intake of the high-risk populations as well as with exposure to necrotizing mycotoxins. Thus, while protein and energy nutriture seem generally adequate, both the high- and moderate-risk populations had high incidences of multiple micronutrient malnutrition.
Subject(s)
Esophageal Neoplasms/epidemiology , Nutrition Surveys , Adolescent , Adult , Africa, Southern , Child , Child, Preschool , Diet , Female , Humans , Male , RiskABSTRACT
Although premature coronary atherosclerosis is a well-recognized complication of homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia, involvement of the aortic root and valve has not been recognized frequently during life. Two cases of supravalvular and valvular aortic stenosis due to familial hypercholesterolaemia are described. Both patients underwent successful surgical correction of these lesions. The importance of relieving left ventricular outflow tract obstruction by a technique of aortic root enhancement and oblique insertion of a prosthesis is stressed.
Subject(s)
Aortic Valve Stenosis/surgery , Heart Valve Prosthesis , Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II/complications , Aortic Valve/surgery , Aortic Valve Stenosis/etiology , Aortic Valve Stenosis/pathology , Child , Child, Preschool , Electrocardiography , Homozygote , Humans , Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II/surgery , MaleABSTRACT
Vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops pygerethrus) were fed cholesterol-free, semipurified diets containing 40% sucrose, 25% casein, 15% cellulose and 14% peanut oil (PNO), randomized peanut oil (RPNO) or corn oil (CO). After 4 months, serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, serum lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) activity and plasma lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity were similar in all groups. Livers of monkeys fed CO converted 156% more acetate and 24% more mevalonate to cholesterol than those of monkeys fed RPNO. Cholesterogenesis in RPNO-fed monkeys was enhanced compared to PNO (68% from acetate; 62% from mevalonate). Incidence of atherosclerosis was 33% in monkeys fed RPNO, 80% in those fed CO and 90% in those fed PNO. Extent of sudanophilia was lowest in aortas of monkeys fed RPNO. Incidence of arteriosclerosis was 40% in monkeys fed CO, 56% in those fed RPNO and 70% in those fed PNO. Extent of aortic surface showing arteriosclerosis was highest in monkeys fed RPNO.
Subject(s)
Arteriosclerosis/etiology , Cholesterol/biosynthesis , Dietary Fats/adverse effects , Lipid Metabolism , Oils/adverse effects , Plant Oils , Animals , Aorta/analysis , Chlorocebus aethiops , Cholesterol/blood , Corn Oil , Liver/analysis , Peanut Oil , Phosphatidylcholines/blood , Random Allocation , Triglycerides/bloodABSTRACT
The frequency of low nutrient intakes was investigated in areas of moderate and high oesophageal cancer incidence in Transkei by means of 24-hour recall and habitual intake studies in children and nursing mothers. The results in moderate- and high-risk regions were similar and habitual intakes of protein, energy, phosphorus, iron, thiamine and vitamin A were generally satisfactory. Intakes of less than two-thirds the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) had a high frequency of inadequate intakes for calcium (90%), nicotinic acid (79%), riboflavin (55%) and ascorbic acid (50%). It is concluded that the possibility of long-standing deficiencies of the latter three vitamins playing a role in oesophageal carcinogenesis should be considered.
Subject(s)
Deficiency Diseases/complications , Esophageal Neoplasms/etiology , Nutrition Disorders/complications , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Esophageal Neoplasms/epidemiology , Humans , Risk , Rural Population , South AfricaABSTRACT
A baseline survey to determine the existing knowledge, attitudes and customs concerning different aspects of nutrition was conducted among adults in the south-western Cape Province. This was the first phase in a long-term research project launched with a view to developing a nutritional guidance programme in order to combat the high mortality rate attributed to coronary heart disease.
Subject(s)
Coronary Disease/psychology , Obesity/psychology , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Attitude to Health , Breast Feeding , Educational Status , Female , Humans , Infant Food , Male , Marriage , Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Obesity/prevention & control , Occupations , South Africa , White PeopleABSTRACT
Serum ferritin concentrations were measured in 651 Black male miners who originated from rural areas throughout southern Africa and who were aged between 17 and 57 years. The mean serum ferritin concentration of 229 microgram/l was above the normal range reported for White subjects, and in 52,8% of the subjects the values were greater than 200 microgram/l. The serum ferritin concentration rose with age, as did the proportion of subjects in each age group who exhibited high values (more than 200 microgram/l). The lowest mean ferritin concentration (112 microgram/l) as well as the lowest proportion of high values (22,9%) were found in subjects from the most northerly area studied. Similarly, the highest mean proportion of high values (66,3%) was seen in the most southerly group studied. Calculations from the present data suggest that the degree of iron overload is currently greater in rural than in urban Black male subjects.
Subject(s)
Ferritins/blood , Adult , Age Factors , Black People , Humans , Malawi , Male , Middle Aged , Mining , Mozambique , Occupational Medicine , Rural Population , South AfricaABSTRACT
Amniotic fluid infections manifested by an inflammatory response in the extraplacental membranes and subchorionic plate of the placenta are a common phenomenon thought to be due in most cases to ascending bacterial infections via intact membranes. Fatal spread to the fetus is much less common and more likely to occur in underprivileged communities. The probable reasons are nutritional deprivation in the mother or both, leading to production of a liquor with diminished ability to suppress bacterial growth. Zinc is one component of the antibacterial system but liquor levels of zinc vary widely and inconsistently with antibacterial activity. Dietary supplementation with zinc did not improve antibacterial activity of liquors in a population with diminished liquor antibacterial activity and large number of fatal infections. Other factors in the genesis of amniotic fluid infections may be interference with normal defence mechanisms as a result of coitus in late pregnancy and vaginal infections with Trichomonas vaginalis. Socioeconomic factors may play a role apart from their association with maternal nutrition, through diminished hygiene associated with insufficient use of water and insufficient availability and use of medical facilities.
Subject(s)
Amniotic Fluid , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/etiology , Amniotic Fluid/analysis , Amniotic Fluid/microbiology , Coitus , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Pregnancy , Socioeconomic Factors , Uterine Diseases/etiology , Vaginal Diseases/etiology , Zinc/analysisSubject(s)
Food, Fortified/standards , Folic Acid , Humans , Nicotinic Acids , Riboflavin , South Africa , Zea maysABSTRACT
The effect of a 7 100 kilojoule diet (50% of the energy derived from carbohydrate, mainly unrefined, 30% from fat, mainly unsaturated, and 20% from protein) on 100 overweight subjects was investigated. It was found that 45% of subjects did not complete the study, 9% continued with the study but did not lose weight, 25% lost weight moderately well and 21% responded very well and lost a mean of 15,9 kg over a 6-9 month period. Very little indication of water retention was found. The following biochemical changes occurred during the study period: 1. There was a marked improvement in the glucose tolerance of the groups that lost weight effectively. 2. This improvement in glucose tolerance was associated with a very marked decrease in the secretion of immuno-reactive insulin. 3. The tendency for serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels to decrease during the study was also evidenced in the changes which occurred in the lipoprotein electrophoresis patterns. Stepwise discriminant analysis performed on biochemical, clinical and psychological data failed to provide a practical means of discriminating in advance between the likely response of subjects to this dietary therapy with acceptable accuracy.