Drinking and driving in southeastern Brazil: results from a roadside survey study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to present data from a roadside survey study on drinking and driving and alcohol consumption in southeastern Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional roadside survey study using a questionnaire and breathalyzer data is the method used to determine the prevalence of drinking and driving and to examine whether socio-demographic characteristics and drivers' behavior, attitude and alcohol consumption predicted positive blood alcohol content (BAC). The data were gathered from 2005 to 2007 through roadside surveys conducted on high volume public roads in four cities in southeastern Brazil. A total of 4182 randomly selected drivers took part in the research. Of these drivers, 3488 (83.4%) completed the questionnaire and agreed to take a breath test. RESULTS: Overall, 24.6% of drivers had a detectable blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and 15.9% had a BAC above the legal limit (0.6g/l) at the time of the study. Logistic regression controlling for locale (city), sex, age and marital status was used to predict whether each driver would present a positive breath test. Socio-demographic characteristics, driving behaviors and attitudes, and alcohol consumption patterns were included as predictors. These analyses indicated that those who believed drinking and driving was a serious offense were about two-thirds as likely to have a positive breath test, and that drivers reporting a pattern of regular alcohol use were three times as likely to have a positive breath test. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that drinking and driving is relatively common in Brazil, and that it occurs considerably more frequently than similar surveys suggest, is the case in other countries.

The effect of the new traffic law on drinking and driving in São Paulo, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To present data on drinking and driving in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, and the effects of the new traffic law (Law 11,705) introduced in 2008. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed using a questionnaire and passive breath test data to study the prevalence of drinking and driving and the association of drinking and driving with background characteristics and drinking patterns on two separate occasions. The data were gathered from 2007 to 2009 through roadside surveys conducted on busy public roads. Four thousand two-hundred thirty-four (4234) drivers were approached, before and after prohibition, from the south, north, east, and west regions of the city of São Paulo, located in southeastern Brazil, including cars, motorcycles, and utility vehicles. A total of 3854 (91%) consented to participate in the survey and answered the questionnaire. Out of this group, 3229 (84%) agreed to take the passive breathalyzer test. RESULTS: Logistic regression analyses controlling for gender and age was used to predict a positive breath test (above 0.2g/l) and the impact of the new law. These analyses indicated that, after the passage of the new traffic law, there was a 45% decrease in driver behavior with positive breathalyzer results. Having a pattern of alcohol consumption of at least once a week and the habit of drinking and driving are risks for a positive breathalyzer. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the decline in the frequency of motorists driving under the influence of alcohol, traffic-related injuries and deaths, after the new law, other measures for a public policy related to alcohol should be considered based on scientific evidence, consistency of action, clear goals, community support, and greater reliability in the laws.

[The Impact of Prohibition on drinking and driving in Belo Horizonte in the State of Minas Gerais]. / O impacto da "Lei Seca" sobre o beber e dirigir em Belo Horizonte/MG.

The scope of this paper is to present comparative data on drinking and driving behavior among drivers in Belo Horizonte in the State of Minas Gerais, in the period from 2005 to 2009, evaluating the impact of Law No. 11.705 (Prohibition), dated June 6, 2008. Data regarding prevalence of this behavior, collected at Sobriety Checkpoints (internationally used methodology) were analyzed using representative samples obtained from drivers on different public roads with intensive traffic in Belo Horizonte (2005-2009), thus permitting analysis of the impact of the new law. In 2008, the data showed a reduction of approximately 50% in the prevalence of individuals driving with any level of alcohol in the blood, when compared to 2007, after the change in legislation. This study showed that the impact caused by Law No.11.705 was marked in the sense of modifying the behavior under scrutiny. However, other control measures need to be added to the current legislation, in order to obtain a continuous reduction of drinking and driving behavior, thereby fostering a culture of sobriety on the road.

O impacto da "Lei Seca" sobre o beber e dirigir em Belo Horizonte/MG / The Impact of Prohibition on drinking and driving in Belo Horizonte in the State of Minas Gerais

O objetivo do presente trabalho é apresentar dados, de estudo comparativo, sobre a conduta de beber e dirigir na cidade de Belo Horizonte, no período de 2005 a 2009, avaliando o impacto da Lei 11.705, a "Lei Seca", de 20 de junho de 2008. Para tanto, dados de prevalência desta conduta, coletados em postos de fiscalização da sobriedade (Sobriety Checkpoints) - metodologia internacionalmente utilizada -, foram analisados a partir de amostras representativas de motoristas abordados em vias públicas de tráfego intenso dessa capital, permitindo a avaliação do impacto da nova Lei. Os resultados da análise destes dados apontaram para uma redução de cerca de 50% na prevalência de condutores dirigindo com algum nível de álcool no sangue, em 2008, quando comparados a 2007, o que coincide com a mudança na legislação. O estudo permitiu determinar que o impacto da Lei 11.705/2008 foi bastante expressivo, no sentido de modificar a conduta estudada. Entretanto, outras medidas de controle devem somar-se à mudança na legislação, para que seja buscada uma contínua redução na incidência do "beber e dirigir", favorecendo, assim, uma cultura de sobriedade no trânsito.

The scope of this paper is to present comparative data on drinking and driving behavior among drivers in Belo Horizonte in the State of Minas Gerais, in the period from 2005 to 2009, evaluating the impact of Law No. 11.705 (Prohibition), dated June 6, 2008. Data regarding prevalence of this behavior, collected at Sobriety Checkpoints (internationally used methodology) were analyzed using representative samples obtained from drivers on different public roads with intensive traffic in Belo Horizonte (2005-2009), thus permitting analysis of the impact of the new law. In 2008, the data showed a reduction of approximately 50% in the prevalence of individuals driving with any level of alcohol in the blood, when compared to 2007, after the change in legislation. This study showed that the impact caused by Law No.11.705 was marked in the sense of modifying the behavior under scrutiny. However, other control measures need to be added to the current legislation, in order to obtain a continuous reduction of drinking and driving behavior, thereby fostering a culture of sobriety on the road.

Beber e dirigir: características de condutores com bafômetro positivo / Drinking and driving: characteristics of drivers with positive breathalyzer

CONTEXTO: O beber e dirigir não foi suficientemente estudado no Brasil até agora.OBJETIVO: Apresentar dados do primeiro levantamento sobre o comportamento do beber e dirigir de um estado do Brasil.MÉTODO: Foram conduzidas 1.799 entrevistas anônimas com motoristas em postos de checagem de sobriedade em 10 cidades, representando as 10 regiões geográficas do estado de Minas Gerais. Desses motoristas, 1.209 (67,2%) responderam a um questionário estruturado e aceitaram o teste do bafômetro.RESULTADOS: Vinte por cento dos motoristas estavam dirigindo com níveis de alcoolemia acima do limite legal. A análise de regressão logística, controlada por sexo, foi utilizada para predizer bafômetro positivo. Essa análise mostrou chance aumentada de bafômetro positivo para condutor com idade acima de 31 anos que tem frequência de consumo de álcool de, pelo menos, um a dois dias na semana e para quem não usa o cinto de segurança.CONCLUSÃO: Estudos localizados com metodologia similares realizados em postos de checagem da sobriedade podem monitorar o comportamento dos condutores e os riscos no trânsito e direcionar políticas públicas sobre o beber e dirigir.

CONTEXT: Drinking and driving has not been adequately studied in Brazil so far.OBJECTIVE: The present study presents data from the first survey on drinking and driving behavior in a Brazilian state.METHOD: One thousand seven hundred ninety-nine anonymous interviews were conducted with drivers at sobriety checkpoints in ten cities representing the ten geographic regions of the state of Minas Gerais. Of those drivers, 1,209 (67.2%) responded to a subsequent structured questionnaire and agreed to take a breathalyzer test.RESULTS: Twenty percent of the drivers were driving with blood alcohol levels over the legal limit. Logistic regression analysis, controlled by sex, was used to predict positive breathalyzer test. Drivers over the age of 31 years with an alcohol consumption frequency of at least 1-2 days per week, who were not using seat belts, showed an increased probability of positive breathalyzer test.DISCUSSION: Studies with a similar methodology conducted in sobriety checkpoints can monitor the behavior of drivers and risks in traffic, and direct public policy on drinking and driving.

[Drinking-and-driving prevalence in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil]. / Prevalência do beber e dirigir em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil.

Problems resulting from alcohol consumption by drivers have been studied worldwide, and epidemiological research points to high injury and death rates related to drinking-and-driving. However, equivalent data are limited in Brazil. In this study, 913 drivers were stopped on public roads with heavy traffic and high concentrations of bars, restaurants, and nightclubs in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, and asked to answer a questionnaire and submit to an active breathalyzer test. The study was done in December 2005 and December 2006. The study adopted the internationally accepted sobriety checkpoint method. In the sample, 38.0% of drivers showed some trace of alcohol in their exhaled air, and 19.6% were at or above the legal limit (0.6 g/l). These figures were five times those found in similar surveys in other countries. The findings suggest a critical drinking-and-driving problem in Belo Horizonte (and probably elsewhere in Brazil) and the need for on-going research, the development of specific public policies to deal with the problem, and effective enforcement of the existing law.

Prevalência do beber e dirigir em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil / Drinking-and-driving prevalence in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil

Os problemas decorrentes do consumo de álcool em motoristas são estudados internacionalmente, e estudos epidemiológicos indicam alta prevalência de morbidade e mortalidade relacionadas ao beber e dirigir, entretanto existem escassos dados nacionais a respeito. Neste presente estudo, 913 condutores de veículos foram parados, em vias públicas de tráfego com maiores concentrações de bares, restaurantes e casas noturnas, em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil e solicitados que respondessem a um questionário e fizessem o teste do bafômetro ativo. Esta pesquisa foi realizada no mês de dezembro de 2005 e dezembro de 2006. Para tanto, adotamos a metodologia do tipo pontos de fiscalização de sobriedade utilizada internacionalmente. Na nossa amostra, 38,0 por cento dos motoristas apresentavam algum traço de álcool no ar expirado e 19,6 por cento estavam com níveis de álcool iguais ou acima dos limites legais (0,6g/l). Esses dados foram cinco vezes maiores do que aqueles encontrados em pesquisas semelhantes, em outros países. Os achados deste estudo sugerem a relevância do problema na cidade de Belo Horizonte (e provavelmente no Brasil), a necessidade de pesquisas permanentes, do desenvolvimento de políticas públicas específicas para o assunto e do eficaz cumprimento da lei existente.

Problems resulting from alcohol consumption by drivers have been studied worldwide, and epidemiological research points to high injury and death rates related to drinking-and-driving. However, equivalent data are limited in Brazil. In this study, 913 drivers were stopped on public roads with heavy traffic and high concentrations of bars, restaurants, and nightclubs in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, and asked to answer a questionnaire and submit to an active breathalyzer test. The study was done in December 2005 and December 2006. The study adopted the internationally accepted sobriety checkpoint method. In the sample, 38.0 percent of drivers showed some trace of alcohol in their exhaled air, and 19.6 percent were at or above the legal limit (0.6g/l). These figures were five times those found in similar surveys in other countries. The findings suggest a critical drinking-and-driving problem in Belo Horizonte (and probably elsewhere in Brazil) and the need for on-going research, the development of specific public policies to deal with the problem, and effective enforcement of the existing law.

Prevalência do beber e dirigir em Diadema, estado de São Paulo / Prevalence of drinking and driving in a city of Southeastern Brazil / Prevalence of drinking and driving in a city of Southeastern Brazil

Problemas decorrentes do consumo de álcool em motoristas têm sido amplamente estudados no mundo e indicam elevadas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade relacionadas à bebida e direção. Existem poucos estudos nacionais a respeito. Assim, realizou-se estudo com o objetivo de estimar a prevalência do uso de álcool por motoristas conduzindo veículos e testar a aceitabilidade dos bafômetros ativos e passivos. Foram avaliados 908 motoristas nas principais vias de trânsito de Diadema, estado de São Paulo, de fevereiro de 2005 a março de 2006. A metodologia adotada foi do tipo pontos de fiscalização de sobriedade. Em 23,7 por cento dos motoristas foi encontrado algum traço de álcool no ar expirado; 19,4 por cento estavam com níveis de álcool iguais ou acima dos limites permitidos pela legislação. O bafômetro passivo mostrou-se confiável e com resultados comparáveis aos do ativo. Esses achados foram seis vezes superiores aos encontrados internacionalmente, sugerindo a relevância desse problema. São necessárias políticas específicas para combater esse problema, além de outras pesquisas em âmbito nacional.

Problems due to alcohol use among drivers have been assessed worldwide and studies indicate high morbidity and mortality rates related to drinking and driving. There are few national studies about this subject. Thus, this study was conducted aiming at estimating the prevalence of drinking and driving and testing the acceptability of passive and active breathalyzers. A total of 908 drivers were tested in the main streets of a city in the state of São Paulo, from February 2005 to March 2006. The methodology adopted was sobriety checkpoints. In 23.7 percent of the drivers some level of alcohol was found in the exhaled air; in 19.4 percent alcohol level was equal to or higher than the legal limit. The passive breathalyzer was reliable and presented results comparable to the active one. These findings were six times higher than those found in similar surveys carried out in other countries, indicating the relevance of this problem. Specific public policies to fight the problem and more national studies are needed.

The effect of restricting opening hours on alcohol-related violence.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether limiting the hours of alcoholic beverage sales in bars had an effect on homicides and violence against women in the Brazilian city of Diadema. The policy to restrict alcohol sales was introduced in July 2002 and prohibited on-premises alcohol sales after 11 pm. METHODS: We analyzed data on homicides (1995 to 2005) and violence against women (2000 to 2005) from the Diadema (population 360,000) police archives using log-linear regression analyses. RESULTS: The new restriction on drinking hours led to a decrease of almost 9 murders a month. Assaults against women also decreased, but this effect was not significant in models in which we controlled for underlying trends. CONCLUSIONS: Introducing restrictions on opening hours resulted in a significant decrease in murders, which confirmed what we know from the literature: restricting access to alcohol can reduce alcohol-related problems. Our results give no support to the converse view, that increasing availability will somehow reduce problems.

[Prevalence of drinking and driving in a city of Southeastern Brazil]. / Prevalência do beber e dirigir em Diadema, estado de São Paulo.

Problems due to alcohol use among drivers have been assessed worldwide and studies indicate high morbidity and mortality rates related to drinking and driving. There are few national studies about this subject. Thus, this study was conducted aiming at estimating the prevalence of drinking and driving and testing the acceptability of passive and active breathalyzers. A total of 908 drivers were tested in the main streets of a city in the state of São Paulo, from February 2005 to March 2006. The methodology adopted was sobriety checkpoints. In 23.7% of the drivers some level of alcohol was found in the exhaled air; in 19.4% alcohol level was equal to or higher than the legal limit. The passive breathalyzer was reliable and presented results comparable to the active one. These findings were six times higher than those found in similar surveys carried out in other countries, indicating the relevance of this problem. Specific public policies to fight the problem and more national studies are needed.

[Alcohol-related public policies]. / Políticas públicas relacionadas às bebidas alcoólicas.

The article is a review of studies on alcohol-related problems and public policies for consumption reduction addressing recent national and international scientific evidences. In this way, literature review was carried out on alcohol-related public policies through searches in MEDLINE, SCiELO and LILACS databases. Policies for alcohol consumption reduction have been implemented in different countries to minimize its effects on people's health and safety but only recently such strategies and interventions have been scientifically evaluated. It is discussed better cost-effectiveness policies for reducing harmful effects and socioeconomic costs associated with alcohol use through the development of strategies favoring changes in behavior and harmful consumption contexts that can be applicable to different communities.

Políticas públicas relacionadas às bebidas alcoólicas / Alcohol-related public policies

O artigo apresenta uma revisão sobre estudos dos problemas relacionados ao consumo de bebidas alcoólicas e as estratégias para minimizá-los, abordando recentes evidências científicas. Para tanto, realizou-se pesquisa na literatura científica sobre políticas públicas relacionadas ao álcool, por meio das buscas nas bases MEDLINE, SciELO e LILACS. Políticas que visam a diminuir o consumo de álcool têm sido implementadas pelos países para minimizar os efeitos dessa substância na saúde e segurança da população, mas só recentemente tais estratégias e intervenções foram avaliadas cientificamente. Discutem-se as políticas de melhor custo-efetividade, capazes de promover redução dos danos e dos custos socioeconômicos relacionados ao uso de bebidas alcoólicas, por meio de estratégias conducentes à mudança de comportamentos e contextos de consumo prejudiciais aplicáveis em diferentes comunidades.

The article is a review of studies on alcohol-related problems and public policies for consumption reduction addressing recent national and international scientific evidences. In this way, literature review was carried out on alcohol-related public policies through searches in MEDLINE, SCiELO and LILACS databases. Policies for alcohol consumption reduction have been implemented in different countries to minimize its effects on people's health and safety but only recently such strategies and interventions have been scientifically evaluated. It is discussed better cost-effectiveness policies for reducing harmful effects and socioeconomic costs associated with alcohol use through the development of strategies favoring changes in behavior and harmful consumption contexts that can be applicable to different communities.

Pesquisa de compra de bebidas alcoólicas por adolescentes em duas cidades do Estado de São Paulo / Alcohol purchase survey by adolescents in two cities of State of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil

OBJETIVO: O consumo de álcool é um problema de saúde pública. A disponibilidade comercial é um importante fator no estímulo ao consumo de álcool por adolescentes. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar com que freqüência menores de 18 anos conseguem comprar bebidas alcoólicas em estabelecimentos comerciais. MÉTODOS: Adolescentes com idades entre 13 e 17 anos tentaram comprar bebidas alcoólicas em uma amostra aleatória de estabelecimentos comerciais em Paulínia (N=108) e Diadema (N=426), no Estado de São Paulo. O estudo foi realizado em novembro e dezembro de 2003 em Paulínia e de julho de 2004 a agosto de 2005 em Diadema. Eles foram orientados a não mentir sobre sua idade quando questionados e a dizer que a bebida era para consumo próprio. Os testes estatísticos realizados foram bi-caudais e o nível de significância considerado foi de p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Adolescentes abaixo da idade mínima legal conseguiram comprar bebidas alcoólicas em uma primeira tentativa em 85,2 por cento dos locais testados em Paulínia e em 82,4 por cento em Diadema. Os adolescentes compraram bebidas alcoólicas com a mesma facilidade em todos os estabelecimentos pesquisados. CONCLUSÕES: Os dados mostraram uma quase unânime facilidade de obtenção de bebidas alcoólicas, sugerindo a relevância do problema nestas cidades (e provavelmente no Brasil). Ressalta-se a importância da adoção de políticas específicas para esta faixa etária, no sentido de reduzir o consumo de álcool.

OBJECTIVE: Alcohol use is a public health problem. Commercial availability is an important factor that encourages the use of alcohol by young people. The aim of the study was to assess how often young people under 18 could buy alcohol in shops METHODS: Adolescents from 13 to 17 attempted to purchase alcoholic beverages at a random sample of shops in the cities of Paulinia (n=108) and Diadema (n=426), Southeastern Brazil. The study was conducted from November to December 2003 in Paulínia, and July 2004 to August 2005 in Diadema. They were told not to lie about their ages when asked and to say that the beverage was for themselves. Statistical tests performed were two-tailed and the significance level considered was p<0.05. RESULTS: Adolescents, under the minimum legal age, were successful in purchasing alcoholic beverages in the first attempt in 85.2 percent of the surveyed outlets in Paulinia, and 82.4 percent in Diadema. The adolescents bought alcoholic beverages just as easy in all shops researched. CONCLUSIONS: The data showed almost unanimous easiness of teenagers to obtain alcoholic beverages, suggesting the relevance of this problem in these cities (and probably in Brazil). The urge to adopt specific alcohol policies to this age group is highlighted, in order to reduce alcohol consumption.

[Alcohol purchase survey by adolescents in two cities of State of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil]. / Pesquisa de compra de bebidas alcoólicas por adolescentes em duas cidades do Estado de São Paulo.

OBJECTIVE: Alcohol use is a public health problem. Commercial availability is an important factor that encourages the use of alcohol by young people. The aim of the study was to assess how often young people under 18 could buy alcohol in shops METHODS: Adolescents from 13 to 17 attempted to purchase alcoholic beverages at a random sample of shops in the cities of Paulinia (n=108) and Diadema (n=426), Southeastern Brazil. The study was conducted from November to December 2003 in Paulínia, and July 2004 to August 2005 in Diadema. They were told not to lie about their ages when asked and to say that the beverage was for themselves. Statistical tests performed were two-tailed and the significance level considered was p<0.05. RESULTS: Adolescents, under the minimum legal age, were successful in purchasing alcoholic beverages in the first attempt in 85.2% of the surveyed outlets in Paulinia, and 82.4% in Diadema. The adolescents bought alcoholic beverages just as easy in all shops researched. CONCLUSIONS: The data showed almost unanimous easiness of teenagers to obtain alcoholic beverages, suggesting the relevance of this problem in these cities (and probably in Brazil). The urge to adopt specific alcohol policies to this age group is highlighted, in order to reduce alcohol consumption.