ABSTRACT
Shadow puppets are a popular art form in various regions, including China, Indonesia, and Turkey, and are rich in cultural significance. However, there is a considerable lack of research on the materials, diseases and conservation techniques related to shadow puppet relics. Material identification is the basis for understanding the production process of ancient shadow puppet relics and evaluating their deterioration degree. The microscopic morphology and infrared spectroscopy results in our experiments showed that the traditional methods of ancient skin identification were not effective in the shadow puppet samples. In order to achieve accurate identification, we used biological mass-spectrometry in proteomics to examine two puppet relics and commercially available modern shadow puppets. The results showed that the above samples could be detected by mass spectrometry with abundant peptides, including peptides specific for bovine skin. These peptides cannot be found in other commonly used materials for making shadow puppets, including the skins of pig, sheep, deer and horse. It is worth mentioning that we have found the peptides specific to yellow cowhide in two ancient shadow puppet relics samples. Therefore, the proteomic evidence shows that the raw materials of the two shadow puppet relics samples are yellow cowhide. Four modern samples also confirmed the reliability of material identification using proteomics. The proteomic evidence shows that the biological mass spectrometry will contribute to the scientific research of shadow puppet relics and other skin and leather cultural relics.
ABSTRACT
The lipid composition performs important functions in interaction between macropha-ge and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)/Mycobacterium bovis (MB). Current understanding regarding the lipid responses of bovine alveolar macrophage (BAM) to MTB/MB is quite limited. The present study conducted lipidomics and transcriptome to assess alterations in BAM lipid compositions upon MB and MTB infection. We found that both MTB and MB induced glycerophospholipids accumulation in BAM, and MTB induced more alterations in lipid composition. MTB could affect the contents of various lipids, especially ceramide phosphocholines, polystyrene (PS) (17:0/0:0), testolic acid and testosterone acetate. Meanwhile, MB particularly induced accumulation of 1-alkyl,2-acylglycerophosphoinositols. Both MB and MTB suppressed the contents of palmitoleamide, N-ethyl arachidonoyl amine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-hydroxy-ethyl) arachidonoyll amine, eicosanoyl-EA, and PS (O-18:0/17:0) in BAM. Additionally, transcriptome analysis revealed that only MTB triggered genes involved in immune signaling and lipid related pathways in BAM. And MTB mainly activated genes CXCL2 and CXCL3 relevant to NOD-like receptor, IL-17 and TNF to further induce lipid accumulation in BAM, which in turn promoted the formation of foam cells. Meanwhile, time course RT-qPCR results showed that MTB was recognized by BAM to triggered dramatic immune responses, whereas MB could effectively escape the recognition system of BAM, leading rearrangement of lipid metabolisms in BAM at early infection stage. Altogether, the results of the present study provided evidence for changes in lipid metabolism of MTB/MB attacked BAM and contributed to the detection and treatment of zoonotic tuberculosis.
Subject(s)
Mycobacterium bovis , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculosis, Lymph Node , Amines/pharmacology , Animals , Cattle , Lipids/pharmacology , Macrophages, AlveolarABSTRACT
Alternaria is a cosmopolitan fungal genus associated with diverse hosts. Tobacco brown spot caused by Alternaria longipes is one of the most destructive diseases of tobacco. A. longipes can also infect many other plants, some animals and even humans. Here, we report a genome assembly of A. longipes CBS 540.94 using Oxford Nanopore Technologies. A total of 15 contigs were assembled, and the genome size was 37.5 Mb with contig N50 of 4.33 Mb. This genome resource will provide information for further research on comparative genomics of the genus Alternaria and be a valuable resource in investigations of the molecular interactions of pathogen and hosts.
