ABSTRACT
High blood sugar is a symptom of diabetes mellitus (DM). Vascular endothelial cells (VECs) directly contact the blood and are damaged when blood sugar levels are high. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this process remains elusive. To analyze the effects of DM on migration, we simulated DM by applying high glucose (HG) to the human VEC. HG delayed cell migration and induced phosphorylation of MAPKs (JNK and ERK). By contrast, in presence of bFGF, cell migration was promoted and MAPK phosphorylation levels were reduced. Furthermore, treatment with JNK and ERK inhibitors rescued HG-mediated delay of cell migration. Molecular and cell biological studies demonstrated that HG increased ROS production, whereas treatment with bFGF or JNK/ERK inhibitors blocked HG-induced ROS accumulation. Addition of MnTMPyP, a ROS scavenger, reduced HG-induced ROS production and accelerated cell migration, suggesting that the influence of HG on bFGF-MAPK signaling causes accumulation of ROS, which in turn regulate cell migration. This is the first study to elucidate the molecular mechanism of HG-mediated VEC migration; these findings could facilitate the development of novel therapies for DM.
Subject(s)
Cell Movement/drug effects , Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism , Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/pharmacology , Glucose/pharmacology , JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Endothelium, Vascular/cytology , Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , Humans , Microscopy, Fluorescence , Phosphorylation/drug effects , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Sweetening Agents/pharmacologyABSTRACT
One of the major symptoms of diabetes mellitus (DM) is delayed wound healing, which affects large populations of patients worldwide. However, the underlying mechanism behind this illness remains elusive. Skin wound healing requires a series of coordinated processes, including fibroblast cell proliferation and migration. Here, we simulate DM by application of high glucose (HG) in human foreskin primary fibroblast cells to analyze the molecular mechanism of DM effects on wound healing. The results indicate that HG, at a concentration of 30 mM, delay cell migration, but not cell proliferation. bFGF is known to promote cell migration that partially rescues HG effects on cell migration. Molecular and cell biology studies demonstrated that HG enhanced ROS production and repressed JNK phosphorylation, but did not affect Rac1 activity. JNK and Rac1 activation were known to be important for bFGF regulated cell migration. To further confirm DM effects on skin repair, a type 1 diabetic rat model was established, and we observed the efficacy of bFGF on both normal and diabetic rat skin repair. Furthermore, proteomic studies identified an increase of Annexin A2 protein nitration in HG-stressed fibroblasts and the nitration was protected by activation of bFGF signaling. Treatment with FGFR1 and JNK inhibitors delayed cell migration and increased Annexin A2 nitration levels, indicating that Annexin A2 nitration is modulated by bFGF signaling via activation of JNK. Together with these results, our data suggests that the HG-mediated delay of cell migration is linked to the inhibition of bFGF signaling, specifically through JNK suppression.
Subject(s)
Cell Movement/drug effects , Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/metabolism , Glucose/pharmacology , MAP Kinase Kinase 4/metabolism , Wound Healing/drug effects , Animals , Apoptosis/drug effects , Cells, Cultured , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications , Fibroblasts/cytology , Fibroblasts/drug effects , Glucose/administration & dosage , Humans , Phosphorylation , RatsABSTRACT
An improved periodate/Schiff's base based fluorescent stain with dansylhydrazine (DH) for glycoproteins in 1D and 2D SDS-PAGE was described. Down to 4-8 ng of glycoproteins can be selectively detected within 2 h, which is approximately 16-fold higher than that of original protocol, but similar to that of Pro-Q Emerald 488 stain (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, USA). Furthermore, subsequent study of deglycosylation, glycoprotein affinity isolation, and LC-MS/MS analysis were performed to confirm the specificity of the improved method. As a result, improved DH stain may provide a new choice for selective, economic, MS compatible, and convenient visualization of gel-separated glycoproteins.
Subject(s)
Dansyl Compounds/chemistry , Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry , Glycoproteins/chemistry , Hydrazines/chemistry , Periodic Acid/chemistry , Chromatography, Affinity , Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel , Reproducibility of Results , Tandem Mass SpectrometryABSTRACT
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21 is a novel regulator of insulin-independent glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and has glucose and triglyceride lowering effects in rodent models of diabetes. In this study, we found that FGF-21 can significantly attenuate ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) induced damage in H9c2 cells (rat heart). However, it is unclear which signal transduction pathway is involved in the cardioprotective effect of FGF-21. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the potential mechanism induced by FGF-21. The results showed that FGF-21 treatment prevented the oxidative stress and apoptosis associated with I/R damage by reducing the levels of superoxide anions, inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3ß by activating Akt phosphorylation, and recovering the levels of ATP synthase pyruvate kinase isozymes M1 and protein kinase C, thereby improving energy supply. In summary, we conclude that FGF-21 protects H9c2 cells against I/R injury mainly through the Akt-GSK-3ß-caspase-3 dependent pathway, preventing oxidative stress, and recovery of the energy supply.
Subject(s)
Cardiotonic Agents , Fibroblast Growth Factors/pharmacology , Reperfusion Injury/drug therapy , Apoptosis/drug effects , Blotting, Western , Caspase 3/physiology , Cell Count , Cell Line , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Cluster Analysis , Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel , Ethidium , Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/physiology , Humans , Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Proteomics , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/physiology , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Sincalide/metabolism , Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray IonizationABSTRACT
As a non-covalent fluorescence probe, in this study, salicylaldehyde azine (SA) was introduced as a sensitive fluorescence-based dye for detecting proteins both in 1-D and 2-D polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels. Down to 0.2 ng of single protein band could be detected within 1 h, which similars to that of glutaraldehyde (GA)-silver stain, but approximately four times higher than that of SYPRO Ruby fluorescent stain. Furthermore, comparative analysis of the MS compatibility of SA stain with SYPRO Ruby stain indicated that SA stain is compatible with the downstream of protein identification by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Additionally, the probable mechanism of the SA stain was investigated by molecular docking. The results demonstrated that the interaction between SA and protein was mainly contributed by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic forces.
