ABSTRACT
Echinodorus grandiflorus e Echinodorus macrophyllus, conhecidas como chapéu-de-couro, são empregadas de forma indistinta como anti-inflamatório. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar análises físico-químicas de três amostras (A, B e C) de folhas de chapéu-de-couro (E. grandiflorus) provenientes de fornecedores de São Paulo buscando avaliar a qualidade e autenticidade destas amostras considerando a Farmacopéia Brasileira, 5ª edição, como referência. Verificou-se que as amostras estavam de acordo com as especificações farmacopeicas em relação às características organolépticas, material estranho, umidade, cinzas totais, cinzas sulfatadas (exceto amostras A e B) e teores de derivados de ácido o-hidroxicinâmico (exceto amostra A). Na descrição macro e microscópica foram identificadas estruturas características de E. grandiflorus. Após análise dos perfis cromatográficos por cromatografia em camada delgada de sílica (CCDS) constatou-se a presença de ácido caféico, isoorientina e swertiajaponina, conforme a monografia da espécie. A amostra C foi a única droga vegetal aprovada segundo os critérios da Farmacopeia Brasileira, evidenciando-se a necessidade da realização do controle de qualidade de matérias-primas vegetais para garantir a obtenção de fitoterápicos seguros e eficazes.
Echinodorus grandiflorus and Echinodorus macrophyllus, known as "chapéu-de-couro", have been differently used as anti-inflammatory agents. The aim of the present study was to carry out physicochemical analyses of three leaf samples (A, B and C) from "chapéu-de-couro" (E. grandiflorus) obtained from suppliers in São Paulo to assess the quality and the authenticity of these samples according to the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia (BP) 5th edition. All samples were in agreement with the specifications of the Pharmacopoeia considering their organoleptic characteristics, foreign material, humidity, total ash and sulfated ash (except for samples A and B), as well as the levels of o-hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (except for sample A). Macroscopic and microscopic analysis of the samples revealed structures typical of E. grandiflorus. Analysis of chromatographic profiles by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) on silica gel indicated the presence caffeic acid, isoorientin and swertiajaponin, which are in accordance with the monography for this species. Sample C was the only plant drug approved according to the criteria of the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia, evidencing the need of quality control of raw plant material to ensure the production of safe and effective phytomedicines.
Subject(s)
Chromatography, Thin Layer/instrumentation , Alismataceae/adverse effects , Plant Leaves/chemistryABSTRACT
Two linear polyamide conjugates of Gd(DTPA)2- were synthesized and characterized by high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). DTPA was copolymerized with two different diamines, 1,6-hexanediamine and trans-1,4-cyclohexanediamine, yielding the polymers DTPA-HMD and DTPA-CHD, with low polydispersity. Their molecular flexibility in solution was studied using 13C spin-lattice relaxation time measurements, indicating that the cyclohexanediamine linking moiety of the DTPA-HMD polymer is more rigid than that of DTPA-CHD. The influence of the flexibility of the linking functionalities on the relaxivity of the Gd3+-DTPA-polymer conjugates was studied by water nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (NMRD). The relaxivity of the Gd(DTPA-CHD) polymer was only slightly higher than that of the Gd(DTPA-HMD) polymer, and only two times higher than the usual values for small Gd-DTPA-like chelates. The low relaxivities obtained for both polymers, much lower than expected from the polymer apparent molecular weights, result from their substantial residual flexibility, and also from a too long, nonoptimal, value of the inner-sphere water exchange rate. These polymeric compounds are also cleared very quickly from the blood of rats, indicating that they are of limited value as blood pool contrast agents for MRA.
Subject(s)
Gadolinium DTPA/chemistry , Pentetic Acid/chemistry , Pentetic Acid/chemical synthesis , Polymers/chemistry , Polymers/chemical synthesis , Animals , Chromatography , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Molecular Structure , Pentetic Acid/analogs & derivatives , Rats , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
In this work, vinyl groups were introduced on soluble starch by reaction with 2-vinyl-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazolin-5-one. The polysaccharides obtained were characterized by 1H-NMR and DSC. The 1H-NMR spectra showed high degrees of substitution and the DSC thermograms suggest a low crystallinity in the modified starch. The modified starch was used to obtain microcapsules prepared through interfacial crosslinking with DPGDA (dipropyleneglycol diacrylate) by a water-in-oil emulsion polymerization.
