ABSTRACT
AIM: The severity of adverse reactions due to antiepileptics is observed during initiation and early treatment in which impairment of cognitive effects are common. Since long time, herbal medicine is a natural remedy to treat neural symptoms. Phytochemicals have been proven to be potent neuro-protective agents. Rutin, a bioflavonoid is established to be nootropic in many studies. In this study, we aimed to determine the protective effect of rutin in zebrafish against the side effects produced by AEDs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seizures were induced in zebrafish by phenylenetetrazole. Rutin pretreatment (50 mg/kg, single injection, i.p.) was done before commencement of the study. Behavioral studies were performed as: latency to move high in the tank, locomotion effects, color effect, shoal cohesion, light/dark test on Zebrafish. RESULTS: Treatment with rutin reverted the locomotor behavior to normal. Treatment with AEDs caused fishes to move in all regions while, in case of treatment with rutin, the response reverted to normal. Treatment with AEDs altered swimming behavior of zebrafish, however, rutin showed a positive effect over this behavior. Treatment with AEDs resulted in restricted movement of zebrafish to the dark zone. Treatment with rutin caused increased latency of zebrafish to move in the light compartment. Similarly, time spent in the light compartment by zebrafish treated with rutin was significantly (P < 0.01) higher as compared to zebrafish treated with AEDs. CONCLUSION: The results suggest a protective role of rutin on cognition impaired by AEDs.
Subject(s)
Anticonvulsants/toxicity , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Cognition Disorders/prevention & control , Cognition/drug effects , Rutin/pharmacology , Seizures/prevention & control , Animals , Cognition Disorders/chemically induced , Cognition Disorders/psychology , Disease Models, Animal , Motor Activity/drug effects , Pentylenetetrazole , Reaction Time/drug effects , Seizures/chemically induced , Social Behavior , Swimming , Time Factors , ZebrafishABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of the co-administration of phenytoin (PHT) and rutin in comparison with PHT and piracetam (PIM) on seizure control, cognitive, and motor functions in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Increasing current electroshock seizure (ICES) test was used to evaluate the effect of the co-administration of PHT and PIM on convulsions. Cognitive functions in mice were assessed by a spontaneous alternation in behavior on a plus maze while motor functions were screened using rolling roller apparatus and by counting the number of arms entries on a plus maze. Brain acetyl-cholinesterase (AChE) activity was also estimated. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The expression of data was done as mean ± standard error of the mean. The normally distributed data were subjected to one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test. P < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The study showed that rutin when co-administered with PHT, significantly reversed PHT-induced reduction in spontaneous alternation without altering the efficacy of PHT against ICES, in both acute and chronic studies. Further, it also reversed PHT-induced increase in AChE activity. CONCLUSION: Rutin alleviated the PHT-induced cognitive impairment without compromising its antiepileptic efficacy.
Subject(s)
Anticonvulsants/adverse effects , Cognition Disorders/prevention & control , Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use , Neurotoxicity Syndromes/prevention & control , Nootropic Agents/therapeutic use , Phenytoin/adverse effects , Rutin/therapeutic use , Acetylcholinesterase/metabolism , Animals , Anticonvulsants/administration & dosage , Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Brain/drug effects , Brain/enzymology , Brain/metabolism , Cholinergic Neurons/drug effects , Cholinergic Neurons/enzymology , Cholinergic Neurons/metabolism , Cognition Disorders/etiology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , GPI-Linked Proteins/agonists , GPI-Linked Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , GPI-Linked Proteins/metabolism , Maze Learning/drug effects , Mice , Motor Disorders/etiology , Motor Disorders/prevention & control , Nerve Tissue Proteins/agonists , Nerve Tissue Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism , Neuroprotective Agents/administration & dosage , Neurotoxicity Syndromes/metabolism , Neurotoxicity Syndromes/physiopathology , Nootropic Agents/administration & dosage , Phenytoin/administration & dosage , Phenytoin/therapeutic use , Piracetam/administration & dosage , Piracetam/therapeutic use , Rutin/administration & dosage , Seizures/etiology , Seizures/prevention & control , Time FactorsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The current work was aimed to evaluate the nephroprotective potential of Butea monosperma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Butea monosperma was collected from local forest of Jabalpur and extracted with ethanol. Healthy adult male Wistar albino rats between 5 and 6 months of age and weighing about 150-200 g were used for the study. Acute toxicity studies were performed to determine dose of extract. Nephrotoxicity was induced by gentamicin. Animals were divided in four groups in which first group served as positive control, second group as gentamicin treated toxic control; animals of group three and four were treated with Butea monosperma extract. Extract was administered to animals via oral route. Serum creatinine, serum urea, and blood urea nitrogen were estimated. Body weight was also determined. Histopathological studies were performed to access gross anatomical changes in animals. RESULTS: The extract of Butea monosperma was found to be rich in flavonoids, polyphenolics, and alkaloids. Urine creatinine, serum urea, and blood urea nitrogen were found to be significantly (P < 0.001) increased in rats treated with only gentamicin; whereas, treatment with the ethanolic extract of leaf of Butea monosperma reversed the effect of gentamicin indicating nephroprotective activity. CONCLUSION: The present study revealed that ethanolic extract of Butea monosperma is a good source of phytochemicals. The phytoconstituents flavonoids, phenolics, and alkaloids present in the extracts may be responsible for antioxidant activity. By the virtue of antioxidant activity, Butea monosperma demonstrated nephroprotective activity.
