ABSTRACT
Although radiologic imaging of bowel infections is often a precursor to definitive diagnosis by endoscopy, biopsy, or stool cultures, imaging can provide critical information for diagnosis and management. Many infectious entities such as viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections can be discovered on imaging. Furthermore, imaging characterizes the extent of infection, involvement of specific bowel segments, and presence of complications in the abdomen. Utilizing a multimodality approach using ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, we describe the spectrum of imaging findings that distinguish a number of infectious etiologies that affect the bowel, as well as differentiate from ischemic and inflammatory bowel processes.
Subject(s)
Infections/diagnostic imaging , Infections/microbiology , Intestinal Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Intestinal Diseases/microbiology , Multimodal Imaging , Diagnosis, Differential , HumansSubject(s)
Construction Materials/history , Powders/history , Construction Materials/analysis , Europe , History, 16th Century , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , History, Ancient , History, Medieval , Powders/analysis , Powders/therapeutic useABSTRACT
The spatial organization of the mouse cerebellum into transverse zones and parasagittal stripes is reflected during the temporal progression of Purkinje cell death in the Lurcher mutant mouse (+/Lc). Neurodegeneration in the +/Lc mutant is apparent by the second postnatal week and is initially seen in all four transverse zones: the anterior (lobules I-V), central (lobules VI, VII), posterior (lobules VIII, dorsal IX), and nodular (ventral lobule IX and lobule X) zone. However, from postnatal day (P)25-P36, Purkinje cell loss proceeds more rapidly in the anterior zone, followed by the posterior and central zones, and is significantly delayed in the nodular zone. Coronal sections through the +/Lc cerebellum reveal that surviving Purkinje cells are restricted to the paraflocculus/flocculus and the nodular zone and could be detected as late as P146 (approximately 5 months). Within this region, the pattern of preferentially surviving calbindin-immunoreactive Purkinje cells reflects the expression of the constitutively expressed small heat shock protein HSP25 in the wild-type cerebellum. Although the role of constitutively expressed HSP25 in the wild-type cerebellum is not clear, it appears to play a neuroprotective role in the flocculonodular region of the +/Lc mutant cerebellum as the percentage of surviving Purkinje cells that are HSP25-immunopositive significantly increases over time.
Subject(s)
Cell Survival , Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism , Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism , Nerve Degeneration/metabolism , Purkinje Cells/pathology , Purkinje Cells/physiology , Animals , Calbindins , Cerebellum/pathology , Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics , Mice , Mice, Neurologic Mutants , Molecular Chaperones , Neoplasm Proteins/genetics , Nerve Degeneration/genetics , Nerve Degeneration/pathology , Purkinje Cells/cytology , S100 Calcium Binding Protein G/metabolismABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Lung epithelial cells express pattern recognition receptors, which react to bacteria. We have evaluated the effect of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria on interleukin-8 (CXCL8) release from epithelial cells and the integrity of the epithelial barrier. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Primary cultures of human airway epithelial cells and the epithelial cell line A549 were used, and CXCL8 release was measured after exposure to Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria. Epithelial barrier function was assessed in monolayer cultures of A549 cells. RESULTS: Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pneumoniae, induced release of CXCL8 from human airway epithelial cells. These bacteria also disrupted barrier function in A549 cells, an effect mimicked by CXCL8 and blocked by specific binding antibodies to CXCL8. Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas aeruginosa induced greater release of CXCL8 than Gram-positive bacteria. However, Gram-negative bacteria did not affect epithelial barrier function directly, but prevented disruption induced by Gram-positive bacteria. These effects of Gram-negative bacteria on barrier function were mimicked by FK565, an agonist of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) receptor, but not by the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 agonist bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Neither the Gram-negative bacteria nor FK565 blocked CXCL8 release. CONCLUSIONS: These data show differential functional responses induced by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria in human lung epithelial cells. The NOD1 receptors may have a role in preventing disruption of the epithelial barrier in lung, during inflammatory states.
