ABSTRACT
'Inflammatory bowel disease' (IBD) sounds like a straightforward term - a disease of inflammation in the bowel. However, the history of IBD reveals a story of a nefariously complex set of idiopathic conditions. IBD defies definition, in part because its pathophysiology is not completely understood. For the same reason and despite substantial advances in research, IBD also defies cure. At best, IBD can be defined as a disease of disruption - disrupted physiology, microbiology, immunology and genetics. The term 'IBD' is most often used to describe two separate conditions: ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). This paper reviews the history of IBD, considering the ever-evolving understanding of both UC and CD. Beyond its intrinsic interest, the history of IBD exemplifies a pattern that is becoming increasingly familiar in the 21st century - the story of a chronic, incurable disease that defies the best efforts to treat it.
Subject(s)
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/history , Colitis, Ulcerative/history , Crohn Disease/history , Europe , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , History, Ancient , Humans , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diagnosis , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/physiopathology , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/therapy , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic/history , United StatesABSTRACT
Four elderly persons with neurologic impairments of differing etiology and differing cognitive profiles presented unexpected patterns of memory for tunes and song lyrics. Impairments included profound deafness, right-hemisphere stroke, and dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Patterns for the impaired individuals differed according to the disorder, but each person had some scores within the range for 90 healthy seniors. We suggest implications for models of brain organization for musical memory.
