ABSTRACT
The c-Myc and E2F transcription factors are among the most potent regulators of cell cycle progression in higher eukaryotes. This report describes the isolation of a novel, highly conserved 434 kDa protein, designated TRRAP, which interacts specifically with the c-Myc N terminus and has homology to the ATM/PI3-kinase family. TRRAP also interacts specifically with the E2F-1 transactivation domain. Expression of transdominant mutants of the TRRAP protein or antisense RNA blocks c-Myc- and E1A-mediated oncogenic transformation. These data suggest that TRRAP is an essential cofactor for both the c-Myc and E1A/E2F oncogenic transcription factor pathways.
Subject(s)
Carrier Proteins , Cell Cycle Proteins , DNA-Binding Proteins , Nuclear Proteins/physiology , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases , Proteins/physiology , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/physiology , Transcription Factors/physiology , Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing , Adenovirus E1A Proteins/genetics , Adenovirus E1A Proteins/physiology , Amino Acid Sequence , Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins , Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/drug effects , Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics , Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology , Conserved Sequence , DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification , E2F Transcription Factors , E2F1 Transcription Factor , Evolution, Molecular , Genes, Dominant , HeLa Cells , Humans , Molecular Sequence Data , Mutagenesis, Site-Directed , Nuclear Proteins/chemistry , Nuclear Proteins/genetics , Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology , Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/chemistry , Protein Binding , Retinoblastoma-Binding Protein 1 , Transcription Factor DP1 , Tumor Suppressor ProteinsABSTRACT
Diagnostic laparoscopy is routinely performed in outpatient departments. At Stanford University's Gyn/Ob Department Clinic, this procedure is performed with the client's active cooperation by using local anesthesia. In addition to the significant benefit of decreased risk of surgical anesthesia, outpatient surgery is more convenient and more economical for the client and the facility. The laparoscopic procedure is described in detail. The facilities, nursing responsibilities, surgeon's qualifications, and criteria for patient selection are included.
