Histopathological changes in gall bladder mucosa in relation to the number, and size of gallstones, and analysis of the findings in the context of age distribution of the patients: A perspective.

Backgrounds/Aims: To study histopathological changes in gall bladder mucosa in cholelithiasis patients, and analyse their relation to the number and size of gallstones. These findings were evaluated in the context of age distribution of the study population. Methods: One hundred cases of cholecystectomy were part of the study, which was conducted in collaboration with the pathology department. The time period of the study was January 2020 to June 2021. Results: Maximum cases had multiple stones (69.0%), while one third cases (31.0%) had solitary stones. While initial univariate analysis showed age (odds ratio [OR], 6.882; p = 0.043), gallstone number (OR, 9.1; p = 0.050), gallstone size (OR, 17.111; p = 0.013), and duration of symptom (OR, 34.125; p = 0.001) to be significant risk factors associated with gallbladder carcinoma, multivariate analysis found none of these variables to be significant. However, conditional multivariate analysis for the duration of symptom (p = 0.008; OR, 21.118) yielded significant p- value. With histopathological diagnoses, 5% of cases had gallbladder cancer. Conclusions: This study shed light on the rising incidence of cholelithiasis in the young population and the high rate of gallbladder carcinoma in Punjab, India. Although gall stone characteristics (size, number) and patient age appeared to be significant risk factors when their individual relation with gallbladder carcinoma was studied, multivariate analysis, could not prove that. Conditional multivariate analysis showed the duration of symptom to be the only significant risk factor associated with gallbladder carcinoma. Further research with larger sample size is needed to study the rising incidence of gallbladder carcinoma, and the risk factors associated with it.

Clinical Features, Management, and Outcomes of Chest Trauma at a Tertiary-Care Centre in India: A Retrospective Observational Study.

INTRODUCTION: Chest is one of the main sites of injuries in trauma being a part of the torso. Many important organs lie in rib cage. However, data on chest injuries are scarce. METHODS: A retrospective study was carried out for chest trauma patients including polytrauma (n = 184) from hospital records for five years (2016-2020). Various parameters including demographic profile, mode of injury, management, and outcomes were studied. RESULTS: Mean age of patients was 37 ± 16 years with a male to female ratio of 2.4 : 1. Road traffic injuries remained the most common cause of trauma followed by assaults. Most of the patients were managed conservatively (55.43%). Mortality was seen in only 1.63% patients. CONCLUSION: Young male patients are usually affected by trauma. Road traffic injuries are the commonest cause. However, most patients can be managed by conservative treatment and mortality is seen only in polytrauma patients in the present study.

Comparison of Intravenous Dexmedetomidine with Midazolam in Prolonging Spinal Anaesthesia with Ropivacaine.

INTRODUCTION: Midazolam and dexmedetomidine both being sedatives, but the latter with additional analgesic properties is expected to prolong the duration of sensory and motor block obtained with spinal anaesthesia. AIM: To compare intravenous dexmedetomidine with midazolam and placebo with respect to sensory and motor block duration, analgesia, and sedation in patients undergoing lower limb and lower abdominal surgeries with intrathecal ropivacaine anaesthesia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this single blind placebo controlled trial, 60 patients, classified as American Society of Anaesthesiologists' (ASA) physical status I-II, were randomized into three groups (n=20 per group). All patients were administered ropivacaine (15 mg) for spinal anaesthesia. Intravenous dexmedetomidine was administered in Group D (1 µg/kg loading dose over 10 minutes, followed by a continuous infusion (0.5 µg/kg/hr), intravenous midazolam was administered in Group M (0.05 mg/kg) loading dose, followed by a continuous infusion (0.02 mg/kg/hr) and normal saline was infused in Group C. Intraoperative haemodynamic changes, onset, level and duration of sensory block, onset and duration of motor block, level of sedation, postoperative analgesia and side effects were recorded. RESULTS: Heart rate was seen to fall significantly in Group D patients for the first 15 minutes. Measurements of mean blood pressure revealed significant decrease in Group D after 40 minutes, whereas the fall in Group C occurred after 15 minutes. Duration of sensory block was significantly longer in Group D patients (208±19.358 mins) as compared to Group M and C where the duration was (177±15.252 mins) and (177±17.800 mins) respectively. Higher levels of sedation were achieved in Group D and M where sedation score was 3 (fully asleep but arousable), 90% cases in Group D and 100% cases in Group M. The time at which first analgesic was given to patients (VAS score 4) was (271.50±21.831) in Group D and (202±25.047) in M and (218.50±38.013) in Group C. Dexmedetomidine significantly prolongs duration of analgesia providing pain relief in intraoperative and postoperative period. Injection of diclofenac sodium 75 mg intramuscular was used as rescue analgesic. The VAS score reached a value of 4 earlier in the midazolam and saline group than dexmedetomidine group. CONCLUSION: Intravenous dexmedetomidine prolonged spinal anaesthesia, though midazolam did not. It also provided sedation and additional analgesia. Therefore, dexmedetomidine is appropriate during spinal anaesthesia, although heart rate needs to be monitored cautiously.

Patent vitellointestinal duct as paraumblical abcess: A rare presentation.

INTRODUCTION: Umbilical and paraumblical abscess can occur in children with presenting complaint of discharge from umbilical region. However, patent vitello intestinal duct presenting as paraumblical abscess is rare phenomenon. PRESENTATION OF CASE: One year old male child presented with complain of discharge from umbilical region since birth. Incision & drainage done twice thinking it to be paraumblical abscess. DISCUSSION: Vitellointestinal duct as abscess is rare presentation but it should be considered as a differential diagnosis of discharging umbilicus as management of abscess and patent duct are different. CONCLUSION: Patent vitellointestinal duct can present as paraumbilical abscess, and it should be kept in differential diagnosis specifically in children.

Clavicular osteomyelitis: a rare presentation of extra pulmonary tuberculosis.

Clavicular tuberculosis is a rare entity, an unusual case of skeletal tuberculosis. We report a case of rare presentation of clavicular tuberculosis as a non-healing ulcer in the medial two-third and lateral one-third of the clavicle. The clinical picture was confusing because of the development of foul-smelling discharge due to secondary infection. The diagnosis is rarely suspected before biopsies because tumours are much more frequent than infections in this bone. With worldwide resurgence of tuberculosis, clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion as more infection at unusual sites is being reported.