Interventions for work participation of unemployed or work-disabled cancer survivors: a systematic review.

Background: Supporting unemployed or work-disabled cancer survivors in their work participation can have extensive individual and societal benefits. We aimed to identify and summarise interventions for work participation of unemployed or work-disabled cancer survivors.Methods: Five databases (Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL and Cochrane Library) were systematically searched for quantitative studies on interventions aimed at enhancing work participation of unemployed or work-disabled cancer survivors. Work participation refers to participation in the workforce, fulfilling one's work role. Manual and automatic screening (with ASReview software) were performed on titles and abstracts, followed by manual full-text screening. Data were extracted regarding study, patient and intervention characteristics, and work participation outcomes. Risk of bias (RoB) was assessed using the Cochrane RoB2 and QUIPS tools.Results: We identified 10,771 articles, of which we included two randomised controlled trials (RCTs), of which one feasibility RCT, and three cohort studies. In total, 1862 cancer survivors were included, with predominantly breast cancer. Work participation was mainly measured as time to return to work (RTW) and RTW rate. Interventions included components of coaching (e.g., psychological or rehabilitation), training (e.g., building confidence and managing fatigue) and self-management. Two RCTs with unclear RoB did not show an effect of multicomponent interventions compared to care as usual. One cohort study found a significant effect of a psycho-educational intervention on RTW rates, with moderate RoB. The other two cohort studies, with moderate RoB, reported significant associations between components including job search and placement assistance, and work participation.Discussion: Only few interventions aimed at enhancing work participation of unemployed or work-disabled cancer survivors, have been evaluated. In two cohort studies, promising components for future multicomponent interventions were identified. However, findings suggest that more evidence is necessary on such multicomponent interventions, in which elements explicitly directed at work and including the workplace should be included.

Introduction to special section on: current topics in cancer survivorship and work.

Work is a key contributor to quality of life and an important aspect of cancer survivorship. We call attention to current topics in cancer survivorship and work with 12 articles on cancer survivorship and work in this special section. The focus is on less studied diagnostic groups such as gastrointestinal cancer and prostate cancer, and on long-term effects of cancer diagnosis and treatment on work. Furthermore, studies are included on topics not generally studied including cognitive limitations and pain, the role of the employer on work outcomes among different types of cancer survivors and some countries not typically covered in the existing literature on work and cancer survivorship. We conclude that to improve sustainable work participation in cancer survivors, personalised, tailored interventions should be provided. A prerequisite for this is the identification of groups and individuals at high risk for adverse work outcomes. In order to develop such interventions, research involving new approaches such as matching data registries, participatory approaches and the involvement of many stakeholders and survivors with these different types of cancer diagnoses is necessary. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS: The goal of sustainable work participation in cancer survivors can be improved by the delivery of a personalised or risk-based tailored intervention. Furthermore, successful work outcomes often involve many stakeholders who should all be included Implications for Cancer Survivors. The goal of sustainable work participation in cancer survivors can be improved by the delivery of a personalised or risk-based tailored intervention. Furthermore, successful work outcomes often involve many stakeholders who should all be included.

The distress thermometer as a prognostic tool for one-year survival among patients with lung cancer.

INTRODUCTION: The use of patient-reported outcome measures is increasingly advocated to support high-quality cancer care. We therefore investigated the added value of the Distress Thermometer (DT) when combined with known predictors to assess one-year survival in patients with lung cancer. METHODS: All patients had newly diagnosed or recurrent lung cancer, started systemic treatment, and participated in the intervention arm of a previously published randomised controlled trial. A Cox proportional hazards model was fitted based on five selected known predictors for survival. The DT-score was added to this model and contrasted to models including the EORTC-QLQ-C30 global QoL score (quality of life) or the HADS total score (symptoms of anxiety and depression). Model performance was evaluated through improvement in the -2 log likelihood, Harrell's C-statistic, and a risk classification. RESULTS: In total, 110 patients were included in the analysis of whom 97 patients accurately completed the DT. Patients with a DT score ≥5 (N = 51) had a lower QoL, more symptoms of anxiety and depression, and a shorter median survival time (7.6 months vs 10.0 months; P = 0.02) than patients with a DT score <5 (N = 46). Addition of the DT resulted in a significant improvement in the accuracy of the model to predict one-year survival (P < 0.001) and the discriminatory value (C-statistic) marginally improved from 0.69 to 0.71. The proportion of patients correctly classified as high risk (≥85% risk of dying within one year) increased from 8% to 28%. Similar model performance was observed when combining the selected predictors with QoL and symptoms of anxiety or depression. CONCLUSIONS: Use of the DT allows clinicians to better identify patients with lung cancer at risk for poor outcomes, to further explore sources of distress, and subsequently personalize care accordingly.

Predictors of fatigue and work ability in cancer survivors.

Background: Workers diagnosed with cancer are at risk for job loss or work disability. Aims: To determine predictors of fatigue and work ability at 36 months after diagnosis in a population of cancer survivors. Methods: Individuals diagnosed with cancer and who applied for work disability benefit at 24 months of sick leave were surveyed at the time of application and again 12 months later. Fatigue was measured using the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness-Fatigue scale questionnaire and work ability was measured using the work ability index. Linear regression analyses were applied to identify predictors. Results: There were 336 participants. Participants who were divorced or widowed had more physical limitations, more depressive symptoms and were more fatigued at baseline, and who worked in health care demonstrated higher levels of fatigue. Lower fatigue was predicted by having received chemotherapy. A higher level of work ability was predicted by having received chemotherapy, better global health and better work ability at baseline. Lower work ability was predicted by being principal wage earner, insecurity about being free of disease, having more physical limitations and having greater wage loss. Conclusions: Socio-demographic, health- and work-related factors were associated with fatigue and work ability in cancer survivors on long-term sick leave. As fatigue and poor work ability are important risk factors for work disability, addressing the identified predictive factors may assist in mitigation of work disability in cancer survivors.

A behavioural approach in the development of work-related interventions for cancer survivors: an exploratory review.

The application of behavioural change models and theories has not been studied, and behavioural determinants have not been considered, in the context of cancer and work. The aim of this study is to assess the relevance of a behavioural approach in the development of work-related interventions for cancer survivors. Two search strategies were conducted to identify studies on (1) lifestyle interventions (exercise, smoking, alcohol intake and diet), based on behavioural models and theories, in cancer survivors; (2) behavioural determinants regarding work. Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, CINAHL and the Cochrane Controlled Trial Register were searched (2000-2015). Studies were assessed on their eligibility, and findings were listed and categorised. Thirty-four studies exploring lifestyle interventions in cancer survivors were retrieved. The behavioural change models and theories most regularly used were the Transtheoretical Model and Social Cognitive Theory. Furthermore, 26 studies on the role of behavioural determinants regarding work were found. The most frequently considered determinants were self-efficacy, social norms, workers' expectations towards work or recovery, attitude, motivation and meaning of work. The results indicate the significance of behavioural change models and theories and of behavioural determinants in related research areas, which encourages a behavioural approach in the development of work-related interventions for cancer survivors.

Therapeutic Work as a Facilitator for Return to Paid Work in Cancer Survivors.

Purpose The increase of flexible employment in European labour markets has contributed to workers' risk of job loss. For sick-listed workers with chronic illnesses, such as cancer, and especially those without an employment contract, participation in therapeutic work may be an important step towards paid employment. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of therapeutic employment as facilitator for return to paid work, in a cohort of sick-listed cancer survivors (CSs) with and without an employment contract. Methods In this longitudinal study, data were used from a cohort of Dutch CSs (N = 192), who applied for disability benefits after 2 years of sick leave. The primary outcome measure was return to paid work after 1 year. Logistic regression analysis was applied. Results Of the participating CSs (mean age 50.7 years, 33 % male), 69 % had an employment contract at baseline. CSs without an employment contract participated significantly less in therapeutic work (p < 0.001) and were less likely to return to paid work after 1 year (p = 0.001), than those with a contract. Participation in therapeutic work significantly increased the chance of return to paid work after 1 year (OR 6.97; 95 % CI 2.94-16.51), adjusted for age, gender, level of work disability and having an employment contract. Conclusions Participation in therapeutic work could be an important facilitator for return to paid work in sick-listed CSs. The effectiveness of therapeutic work as a means to return to paid employment for sick-listed workers should be studied in an experimental setting.

Barriers and facilitators for return to work in cancer survivors with job loss experience: a focus group study.

Over 50% of cancer survivors lose their job or quit working. Cancer survivors who experience job loss may face different challenges regarding return to work, compared to cancer survivors with employers. This qualitative study aimed to explore barriers and facilitators for return to work in cancer survivors with job loss and in insurance physicians who assist cancer survivors in their return to work. We conducted five focus groups and one interview (cancer survivors, N = 17; insurance physicians, N = 23). Topics included, among others, experience of job loss and barriers and facilitators for return to work. Data were audio recorded and analysed using thematic analysis. Our main finding was that cancer survivors experienced a double loss: loss of job on top of loss of health. As a result, cancer survivors feared for job applications, lacked opportunities to gradually increase work ability, and faced reluctance from employers in hiring them. Insurance physicians expressed a need for more frequent and longer consultations with cancer survivors with job loss. We conclude that cancer survivors who experience double loss encounter specific barriers in the return to work process. This calls for a tailored approach regarding return to work support.

Offering a tailored return to work program to cancer survivors with job loss: a process evaluation.

BACKGROUND: In Europe, 1.7 million persons of working age are diagnosed with cancer each year. During or after treatment, cancer survivors (CSs) are vulnerable for job loss, and many CSs struggle with return to work (RTW). When offering RTW interventions to CSs, it is important to conduct a process evaluation to assess such factors as the population reached and implementation problems. Recently, we developed an innovative RTW program, tailored specifically to the needs of CSs with job loss in the Netherlands. The aim of this study was to evaluate the likelihood of theory and implementation failure, as well as to evaluate procedures for recruitment, execution and implementation of the tailored RTW program for CSs with job loss. METHODS: Six components were evaluated in the RTW program: Recruitment, Reach, Dosage, Implementation, Satisfaction, and Experienced Barriers. Data were provided by logbooks and questionnaires from participating CSs, occupational health care (OHC) professionals, and re-integration coaches and job hunting officers who delivered the RTW program. SPSS and Excel were used to conduct the analyses. RESULTS: 85 CSs received the tailored RTW program. Their mean age was 47.9 years (SD 8.5). The majority were female (72 %), married (52 %), and of Dutch nationality (91 %). The program reached 88.2 % of the target population and 52 % of participants who started the program received the adequate dosage. The program implementation score was 45.9 %. Participants' mean overall program duration remained within the protocol boundaries. Re-integration coaches were more satisfied with the program than job hunting officers or OHC professionals. Likewise, participants were more satisfied with the program delivery by the re-integration coaches than with the delivery by the job hunting officers. Reported barriers within the RTW program were a lack of communication, high program intensity and short program duration, and, with regard to the job hunting officers, a lack of experience with cancer-related RTW problems. CONCLUSIONS: Participants, OHC professionals, re-integration coaches and job hunting officers generally had positive experiences with the innovative tailored RTW program. Facilitating communication between the delivering parties, and engaging usual care during program delivery, could be key elements to improved program implementation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Dutch Trial Register, registration number NTR3562 , registered 07-08-2012.

Effectiveness of a tailored return to work program for cancer survivors with job loss: results of a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Up to 53% of cancer survivors (CSs) experiences job loss during or after treatment. To support CSs with job loss in the Netherlands, a tailored return to work (RTW) program was developed. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the program on duration until sustainable RTW in CSs with job loss. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study employed a two-armed (intervention/control) randomized controlled design with one-year follow-up. The primary outcome measure was duration until sustainable RTW. The secondary outcome measures were: rate of RTW, fatigue, quality of life, and participation in society. Descriptive analyses, Kaplan-Meier estimators and Cox regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Participants (N = 171) had a mean age of 48.4 years (SD = 8.6). The majority was female (69%) and breast cancer survivor (40%). The crude hazard ratio (HR) for duration until sustainable RTW was 0.86 (95% CI 0.46-1.62; p = 0.642). In the adjusted model, the intervention group had a slight, but statistically non-significant, improvement in duration until sustainable RTW compared to the control group (HR 1.16; 95% CI 0.59-2.31; p = 0.663). The program did not have any significant effects on secondary outcome measures. CONCLUSION: As the tailored RTW program did not demonstrate a statistically significant effect on duration until sustainable RTW in CSs with job loss, implementation of the program in its current form is not recommended.

Work disability assessment of cancer survivors: insurance physicians' perspectives.

BACKGROUND: Assessing work disability in cancer survivors is a complex decision-making process. In the Netherlands, physicians employed by the Dutch Social Security Agency (SSA) play a key role in assessing work disability of cancer survivors on long-term sick leave. AIMS: To investigate the aspects physicians consider in assessing work disability in cancer survivors, their experiences related to the use of guidelines and their needs related to the use of a prediction rule that aims to support work disability assessments. METHODS: A qualitative study involving three consecutive focus group interviews, using a predetermined topic list. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and independently analysed using standard procedures of thematic analysis. RESULTS: The 29 participating physicians reported feeling responsible primarily for making correct assessments of cancer survivors' work disability, in which they predominantly investigate medical factors. Secondarily, non-medical factors related to the person, their work and/or their social environment were considered. Adherence to guidelines aiming to support physicians making such assessments was variable. CONCLUSIONS: In assessing work disability among cancer survivors on long-term sick leave, physicians considered medical and non-medical factors. The relevance of non-medical factors became more prominent in cases where medical issues were less obvious. There seems to be a need to enhance adherence to guidelines in order to support the work disability assessment of cancer survivors. The development of an implementation strategy for a prediction rule to support the work disability assessment of cancer survivors should be considered.

Predictors of return to work and employment in cancer survivors: a systematic review.

The objective of this study was to provide an overview of the prognostic factors for return to work and employment of cancer survivors. Cohort studies were selected if the population consisted of cancer patients between 18 and 65 years of age, with return to work, employment or equivalent concepts as main outcome measure, studying at least one prognostic factor. The methodological quality of the included studies and level of evidence for each prognostic factor were assessed. Twenty-eight cohort studies met the inclusion criteria. Heavy work and chemotherapy were negatively associated with return to work. Less invasive surgery was positively associated with return to work. Breast cancer survivors had the greatest chance of return to work. Old age, low education and low income were negatively associated with employment. Moderate evidence was found for extensive disease being negatively associated with both return to work and employment, and for female gender being negatively associated with return to work. The review shows that in cancer survivors, a limited number of prognostic factors of return to work and employment can be identified. Physicians primarily engaged in the process of vocational rehabilitation of cancer survivors should be aware of the potential role these factors exert.

Characteristics of breast cancer patients who experience menopausal transition due to treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To identify patient-related and treatment-related factors associated significantly with climacteric symptoms in young patients who experience menopausal transition due to adjuvant treatment for breast cancer. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used questionnaire data collected to screen breast cancer patients for participation in a multicenter trial on the efficacy of supportive interventions for treatment-induced menopausal symptoms. The screening instrument included questions on sociodemographics, menopausal history and current menopausal status and symptoms, treatment history and lifestyle factors. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify factors associated significantly with two major menopausal symptoms, hot flushes/night sweats and vaginal dryness. RESULTS: In total, 435 patients were included in this study. Hot flushes/night sweats exhibited a significant, negative association with education and a significant positive association with alcohol consumption, and having been treated with the combination of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy. Vaginal dryness was positively associated with combined treatment with chemotherapy and hormonal therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Menopausal symptoms among young breast cancer patients who experience menopausal transition due to adjuvant treatment are associated with a number of sociodemographic, lifestyle and treatment-related factors. Carefully designed interventions to prevent or alleviate these symptoms should take these factors into account.

Prediction of sickness absence: development of a screening instrument.

OBJECTIVES: To develop a concise screening instrument for early identification of employees at risk for sickness absence due to psychosocial health complaints. METHODS: Data from the Maastricht Cohort Study on "Fatigue at Work" were used to identify items to be associated with an increased risk of sickness absence. The analytical procedures univariate logistic regression, backward stepwise linear regression, and multiple logistic regression were successively applied. For both men and women, sum scores were calculated, and sensitivity and specificity rates of different cut-off points on the screening instrument were defined. RESULTS: In women, results suggested that feeling depressed, having a burnout, being tired, being less interested in work, experiencing obligatory change in working days, and living alone, were strong predictors of sickness absence due to psychosocial health complaints. In men, statistically significant predictors were having a history of sickness absence, compulsive thinking, being mentally fatigued, finding it hard to relax, lack of supervisor support, and having no hobbies. A potential cut-off point of 10 on the screening instrument resulted in a sensitivity score of 41.7% for women and 38.9% for men, and a specificity score of 91.3% for women and 90.6% for men. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that it is possible to identify predictive factors for sickness absence and to develop an instrument for early identification of employees at risk for sickness absence. The results of this study increase the possibility for both employers and policymakers to implement interventions directed at the prevention of sickness absence.