ABSTRACT
NBS1 forms a complex with MRE11 and RAD50 (MRN) that is proposed to act on the upstream of two repair pathways of DNA double-strand break (DSB), homologous repair (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). However, the function of Nbs1 in these processes has not fully been elucidated in mammals due to the lethal phenotype of cells and mice lacking Nbs1. Here, we have constructed mouse Nbs1-null embryonic fibroblasts and embryonic stem cells, through the Cre-loxP and sequential gene targeting techniques. We show that cells lacking Nbs1 display reduced HR of the single DSB in chromosomally integrated substrate, affecting both homology-directed repair (HDR) and single-stranded annealing pathways, and, surprisingly, increased NHEJ-mediated sequence deletion. Moreover, focus formation at DSBs and chromatin recruitment of the Nbs1 partners Rad50 and Mre11 as well as Rad51 and Brca1 are attenuated in these cells, whereas the NHEJ molecule Ku70 binding to chromatin is not affected. These data provide a novel insight into the function of MRN in the branching of DSB repair pathways.
Subject(s)
ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism , Cell Cycle Proteins/physiology , DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded , DNA Repair Enzymes/metabolism , DNA Repair/genetics , DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Nuclear Proteins/physiology , Acid Anhydride Hydrolases , Animals , Antigens, Nuclear/metabolism , Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics , Cell Line , Cell Proliferation , Chromatin/metabolism , DNA, Single-Stranded/metabolism , Embryonic Stem Cells/cytology , Embryonic Stem Cells/metabolism , Fibroblasts/cytology , Fibroblasts/metabolism , Gene Targeting , Integrases/metabolism , Ku Autoantigen , MRE11 Homologue Protein , Mice , Nuclear Proteins/genetics , Rad51 Recombinase/metabolism , Sequence DeletionABSTRACT
Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome (NBS) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by microcephaly, growth retardation, immunodeficiency, chromosomal instability, and predisposition to cancer. Heterozygous NBS patients show increased chromosomal instability and are suspected to be at a high risk for cancer. To study the impact of NBS1 heterozygosity on malignancy susceptibility, we disrupted the murine homologue (Nbn) of NBS1 in mice using gene targeting techniques. While null mutation in the Nbn gene resulted in embryonic lethality at the blastocyst stage because of growth retardation and increased apoptosis, heterozygous knockout (Nbn(+/-)) mice developed a wide array of tumors affecting the liver, mammary gland, prostate, and lung, in addition to lymphomas. Moreover, gamma-irradiation enhanced tumor development in Nbn(+/-) mice, giving rise to a high frequency of epithelial tumors, mostly in the thyroid and lung, as well as lymphomas. These mice also developed numerous tumors in the ovary and testis. Southern and Western blot analyses showed a remaining wild-type allele and nibrin expression in Nbn(+/-) tumors. Sequencing analysis confirmed no mutation in the Nbn cDNA derived from these tumors. Cytogenetic analysis revealed that primary Nbn(+/-) embryonic fibroblasts and tumor cells exhibit increased chromosomal aberrations. These data suggest that haploinsufficiency, not loss of heterozygosity, of Nbn could be the mechanism underlying the tumor development. Taken together, our heterozygous Nbn-knockout mice represent a novel model to study the consequences of NBS1 heterozygosity on tumor development.
