ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Recurrent FUO (fever of unknown origin) is a rare subtype of FUO for which diagnostic procedures are ill-defined and outcome data are lacking. METHODS: We performed a retrospective multicentre study of patients with recurrent FUO between 1995 and 2018. By multivariate analysis, we identified epidemiological, clinical and prognostic variables independently associated with final diagnosis and mortality. RESULTS: Of 170 patients, 74 (44%) had a final diagnosis. Being ≥ 65 years of age (OR = 5.2; p < 0.001), contributory history (OR = 10.4; p < 0.001), and abnormal clinical examination (OR = 4.0; p = 0.015) independently increased the likelihood of reaching a diagnosis, whereas lymph node and/or spleen enlargement decreased it (OR = 0.2; p = 0.004). The overall prognosis was good; 58% of patients recovered (70% of those with a diagnosis). Twelve (7%) patients died; patients without a diagnosis had a fatality rate of 2%. Being ≥ 65 years of age (OR = 41.3; p < 0.001) and presence of skin signs (OR = 9.5; p = 0.005) significantly increased the risk of death. CONCLUSION: This study extends the known yield of recurrent FUO and highlights the importance of repeated complete clinical examinations to discover potential diagnostic clues during follow-up. Moreover, their overall prognosis is excellent.
Subject(s)
Fever of Unknown Origin , Humans , Retrospective Studies , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Fever of Unknown Origin/etiology , Fever of Unknown Origin/epidemiology , Aged , Adult , France/epidemiology , Recurrence , Prognosis , Aged, 80 and over , Adolescent , Young AdultABSTRACT
Phenyl ethyl alcohol was used for fast and stable dispersion of carbon nanotubes. This solvent, more effective than ethanol and toluene, allows easy dispersion of carbon nanotubes for TEM characterization. For TEM grids prepared at high dilution, it is possible to observe each tube separately. Applying that solvent, it was possible to measure the length, the diameter and the solubility of different carbon nanotubes samples.
Subject(s)
Colloids/analysis , Image Enhancement/methods , Materials Testing/methods , Microscopy, Electron, Transmission/methods , Nanotubes/analysis , Nanotubes/ultrastructure , Phenylethyl Alcohol/chemistry , Diffusion , Nanotechnology/methods , Nanotubes/chemistry , Organic Chemicals/chemistry , Particle Size , Solubility , Solvents/chemistryABSTRACT
129Xe NMR spectroscopy has been used to study the adsorption of Xe on multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). The results obtained have shown the 129Xe NMR ability to probe the intercrystalline (aggregate) and the inner porosity of CNT. In particular, the effects on porosity of tubes openings by hydrogen exposure and of ball milling were examined. Dramatic changes observed in the 129Xe NMR spectra after moderate ball milling of MWCNTs were attributed to the destruction of the initial intercrystalline pore structure and to the Xe access inside the nanotubes. To examine the exchange dynamics the mixture of as-made and milled MWCNTs was studied with one- and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) 129Xe NMR. The exchange between the interior of milled nanotubes and the aggregate pores of as-made MWCNTs was fast on the NMR acquisition time scale. The Xenon exchange between the interior of the as-made MWCNTs and the large aggregate pores occurred on a longer time scale of 10 ms, as was established by 2D 129Xe NMR exchange spectroscopy. Variable temperature 129Xe NMR data were also discussed and analyzed in terms of the fast exchange approximation.
