Nail dystrophy for the surgeon.

Injuries to the fingertips are the most frequently occurring damage to the hand. The nail is an exceptional structure within the human body that offers both stability and protection, as well as the ability to perform fine and precise movements. Nail dystrophies are numerous, post-traumatic, post-infection or even degenerative. They raise many difficulties for the treating hand surgeon. Which anatomical structure is dystrophic? Is there any secondary fungal superinfection to be treated before surgery? Among the various techniques proposed, which one will help to improve my patient as a complete cure is rarer than partial failures. In this chapter we have chosen to describe the surgical techniques, their difficulties and drawbacks, that are available for the most frequent dystrophies that the hand surgeons may treat.

Physiology of the nail apparatus: Surgical consequences.

Knowledge of nail physiology is mandatory to understand nail pathologies, and to know what to repair and what to expect from your repair. Unfortunately, nail physiology in humans is not completely understood. However, there are some data that have been validated and must be known before treating patients. The nail plate is mostly made of keratins. It is produced solely by the nail matrix. The nail bed is mostly responsible for nail pate adhesion. At the hyponychium, the plate loses its adherence. The hyponychium is the first barrier of defense preventing bacteria and fungi from invading the subungual area. All these structures, along with the nail folds, are responsible for the orientation of nail-plate growth. However, many questions, such as whether to replace the nail plate at end of procedure, remain open.

Complications in nail surgery and how to avoid them.

Complications in nail surgery are not that frequent. Apart from complications that are common to every hand procedure, intense pain is the major issue with nail surgery. To prevent complications, good knowledge of anatomy and physiology is required to avoid misdiagnosis or inappropriate technique. However, some complications, such as postoperative nail dystrophy, are unavoidable, and must be known and discussed with the patient prior to the procedure in order to prevent disappointment that may lead to medico-legal cases. This paper will discuss the most frequent complications encountered.

Surgical anatomy of the nail.

Knowledge of nail anatomy is a prerequisite for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. The nail apparatus is a highly specialized structure, but is in close relationship to the distal phalanx which supports it and to the pulp which carries the sensory receptors and is involved in pinching. It can be divided by the nail plate into the perionychium underneath, and the paronychium above. The perionychium includes, from proximal to distal: the nail matrix, the sole structure responsible for the growth of the nail plate; the nail bed, mostly responsible for adhesion of the plate; and the hyponychium, which is the most distal part, where the nail plate loses its adhesion. The paronychium comprises three nail folds, one proximal and two lateral, that embed the nail plate. The nail apparatus is richly vascularized, with three main sources, and richly innervated, which explains why trauma and surgery are so painful.

Hook nail deformity.

Hook-nail deformity is frequently seen after a fingertip amputation, whether or not flap reconstruction has been done. It is more frequent if the bony support is missing. The deformity results in esthetic and functional impairment which can lead to complete finger amputation. Correction is surgical, but is difficult and surgical series are small. Soft-tissue flap augmentation is simple, but does not add a bony support. Bone augmentation using local flaps is limited by the small size of the distal phalanx remnant. Toe transfer is more logical but, as it is a highly demanding technique, only a few cases have been published. The present study sought to review all the published techniques and their results, to help the reader choose the one best suited to their patient.

Minimally Invasive Fixation With a Volar Approach Using a Cannulated Compression Screw for Acute Hook of Hamate Fractures.

PURPOSE: Optimal treatment of acute hook of hamate fractures (HHF) remains controversial. Isolated acute HHF can be treated nonsurgically or surgically (with excision of the hook or open reduction internal fixation). The authors present the functional outcomes of a case series of patients who were treated with minimally invasive volar fixation for acute HHF. METHODS: This retrospective study reviewed 6 patients with nondisplaced acute HHF treated with a minimally invasive volar approach and cannulated mini-screw fixation. The development of postoperative complications (tendon and ulnar nerve lesions), pain evaluated using a visual analog scale, and radiological union evaluated on computed tomography scan is reported. Wrist range of motion and grip strength were measured bilaterally. Mayo Wrist Score and Quick-Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand were assessed. All outcomes were measured at 1, 2, 3, and 6 months after surgery. RESULTS: Fixation of HHF through the volar approach was achieved in all cases with no complications. The clinical and radiological union rate was 100%. All patients were able to return to their work or hobbies after an average of 7 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that acute HHF can be treated successfully by open reduction internal fixation using a volar approach with minimal morbidity and complications, a good union rate, and a fast return to daily activities. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic V.

Coronal Fractures of the Scaphoid: A Review.

Coronal (or frontal plane) fractures of the scaphoid are distinctly uncommon. There are few published reports of coronal fractures of the scaphoid. This fracture is often missed on the initial X-ray films. A high index of suspicion should exist when there is a double contour of the proximal scaphoid pole on the anteroposterior X-ray view. A computed tomography scan is integral in making the diagnosis. Early recognition is key in salvaging the scaphoid fracture and in preventing articular damage. Level of Evidence IV. Retrospective case series.

Clinical and radiologic outcomes of pyrocarbon radial head prosthesis: midterm results.

BACKGROUND: The modular pyrocarbon (MoPyC) radial head prosthesis (Tornier, Saint-Ismier, France) is a monoblock modular radial head prosthesis. This study assessed midterm outcomes after implantation of the prosthesis. MATERIALS: A retrospective study was conducted of a consecutive cohort of 65 patients who underwent radial head replacement with the MoPyC prosthesis from January 2006 to April 2013. Indications were fractures, early or late failures from orthopedic or fixation treatments, and revisions after another implant. Patients were observed for >2 years for range of motion, pain, and stability; function by the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (total score, 100) and grip strength were assessed. Quality of stem implantation, bone resorption around the neck, and periprosthetic lucency were noted and quantified on radiographs. Capitellum shape and density as well as humeroulnar aspect (river delta sign) were evaluated. Complications and revision procedures were noted. RESULTS: We evaluated 52 of 65 patients (mean follow-up, 46 ± 20 months; range, 24-108). The Mayo Elbow Performance Score was 96 ± 7; pain score, 42 ± 7/45; and motion score, 18 ± 2/20. Function and stability were excellent. Radiology revealed 92% of patients with cortical resorption around the neck without mechanical failure. Bone resorption was mostly anterior and lateral; it resolved within the first year and thereafter was stable. Eight patients underwent revision surgery for stiffness. No implant failures were noted. CONCLUSION: Results of the MoPyC radial head prosthesis appear to be satisfactory. Bone resorption around the neck (stress shielding) is frequent and stable after 1 year and does not impair stem fixation. The MoPyC prosthesis appears to be a reliable solution for replacing the radial head.

Is carpal tunnel syndrome related to computer exposure at work? A review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: A meta-analysis on epidemiological studies was undertaken to assess association between carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and computer work. METHODS: Four databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Base de Donnees de Sante Publique) were searched with cross-references from published reviews. We included recent studies, original epidemiological studies for which the association was assessed with blind reviewing with control group. Relevant associations were extracted, and a metarisk was calculated using the generic variance approach (meta-odds ratio [meta-OR]). RESULTS: Six studies met the criteria for inclusion. Results are contradictory because of heterogeneous work exposure. The meta-OR for computer use was 1.67 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79 to 3.55). The meta-OR for keyboarding was 1.11 (95% CI, 0.62 to 1.98) and for mouse 1.94 (95% CI, 0.90 to 4.21). CONCLUSION: It was not possible to show an association between computer use and CTS, although some particular work circumstances may be associated with CTS.

Association among work exposure, alcohol intake, smoking and Dupuytren's disease in a large cohort study (GAZEL).

OBJECTIVES: In view of the debate of factors in Dupuytren's disease, we aimed to describe its relationship with certain occupational factors, alcohol intake and smoking. SETTING: The French GAZEL cohort (employees of Electricité de France and Gaz de France). PARTICIPANTS: Participants of the cohort who answered a questionnaire in 2012, that is, 13 587 participants (73.7% of the questionnaire sent). In 2007, self-assessed lifetime occupational biomechanical exposure was recorded (carrying loads, manipulating a vibrating tool and climbing stairs), as well as alcohol intake, smoking and diabetes mellitus. Analyses were performed on high alcohol intake, smoking and duration of relevant work exposure, stratified by gender. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: From a specific question on Dupuytren's disease assessed in 2012, the outcome measures were self-reported Dupuytren's disease (yes/no) and disabling Dupuytren's disease (including surgery). RESULTS: A total of 10 017 men and 3570 women, aged 64-73 years, were included; the mean age for men was 68 years and for women was 65 years. Among men, the following were significantly associated with Dupuytren's disease: age (OR 1.03 (1.00; 1.06)), diabetes (OR 1.31 (1.07; 1.60)), heavy drinking (OR 1.36 (1.10; 1.69)) and over 15 years of manipulating a vibrating tool at work (OR 1.52 (1.15; 2.02)); except for diabetes, the association with these factors was stronger for disabling Dupuytren's disease (or surgery), with OR 1.07 (1.03; 1.11), 1.71 (1.25; 2.33) and 1.98(1.34; 2.91), respectively, for age, heavy drinking and over 15 years of manipulating a vibrating tool at work. Among the 3570 women included, 160 reported Dupuytren's disease (4.5%). The number of cases in the group of women was too low to reach conclusions, although the findings seemed similar for age, diabetes and vibration exposure. CONCLUSIONS: In this large French cohort study, Dupuytren's disease in men was associated with high levels of alcohol consumption and exposure to hand-transmitted vibration. It is likely that the same applied to women.

Lessons learned from simultaneous face and bilateral hand allotransplantation.

UNLABELLED: The performance of simultaneous vascularized composite allotransplantation procedures on patients requiring both the face and bilateral hands remains controversial. The authors present their separate institutional experiences with this challenging procedure in the interests of dispelling misconceptions regarding this intervention and forwarding their understanding of the issues related to concomitant vascularized composite allotransplantation. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, V.

Imaging of hand and wrist cysts: a clinical approach.

OBJECTIVE: Ganglion cysts are common hand masses. This article will answer three questions that the radiologist is often asked: A mass is palpable; is it a cyst? Pain or neurologic symptoms are present; are they related to a cyst? Surgery is being considered; where precisely are the cyst and its origin located? CONCLUSION: Ultrasound is often sufficient for assessing typical cysts. MRI is performed when atypical features or neurologic symptoms are present and in specific preoperative settings.

Epicondilitis lateral: la liberación del nervio radial debe ser parte del tratamiento / Lateral epicondylitis: radial nerve release must be part of the treatment

Resumen: El nervio interóseo posterior (NIP) ha sido implicado en la fisiopatología de las epicondilalgias laterales. Existe suficiente evidencia anatómica para relacionar al compromiso del mismo con las epicondilitis lateral. El propósito de nuestro estudio es evaluar los resultados obtenidos al combinar la tenotomía y desinsersión del tendón conjunto con la liberación del IP utilizando la misma vía de abordaje en pacientes con diagnóstico de epicondilitis lateral rebelde al tratamiento médico. Materiales y métodos: Entre los años 1994 y 2005, 127 casos de epicondilitis lateral fueron operados. Ochenta y cinco codos en 82 pacientes fueron incluidos en este estudio retrospectivo. En todos los casos se realizó el mismo tratamiento quirúrgico. Los resultados fueron evaluados con el Mayo Elbows Performance Score. Una evaluación subjetiva de satisfacción fue realizada al final del seguimiento. Los datos estadísticos fueron evaluados con el test de Student. Resultados: El tiempo medio de seguimiento fue de 5,1 años. 70 pacientes presentaron excelentes y buenos resultados. Los pacientes se re insertaron a sus actividades previas en un promedio de 15,2 semanas. La evolución del dolor mostro valores preoperatorios de 2,79 y postoperatorios de 0,97. 12 casos tuvieron complicaciones de las cuales 8 evolucionaron favorablemente. 8 casos presentaron una recidiva y 6 fueron re-operados. La escala subjetiva de satisfacción presento un valor promedio de 3,3, para un máximo de 4. Conclusión: Compararando nuestra experiencia con los resultados publicados, encontramos que la exploración del nervio interóseo posterior realizada de rutina no aumenta la morbilidad del procedimiento, pero tampoco mejora los resultados

Epicondilitis lateral. ¿La liberación del nervio radial debe ser parte del tratamiento? / Lateral epicondylitis. Radial nerve release. Must be part of the treatment?

Resumen: El nervio interóseo posterior (NIP) ha sido implicado en la fisiopatología de las epicondilalgias laterales. Existe suficiente evidencia anatómica para relacionar al compromiso del mismo con las epicondilitis lateral. El propósito de nuestro estudio es evaluar los resultados obtenidos al combinar la tenotomía y desinsersión del tendón conjunto con la liberación del IP utilizando la misma vía de abordaje en pacientes con diagnóstico de epicondilitis lateral rebelde al tratamiento médico. Materiales y métodos: Entre los años 1994 y 2005, 127 casos de epicondilitis lateral fueron operados. Ochenta y cinco codos en 82 pacientes fueron incluidos en este estudio retrospectivo. En todos los casos se realizó el mismo tratamiento quirúrgico. Los resultados fueron evaluados con el Mayo Elbows Performance Score. Una evaluación subjetiva de satisfacción fue realizada al final del seguimiento. Los datos estadísticos fueron evaluados con el test de Student. Resultados: El tiempo medio de seguimiento fue de 5,1 años. 70 pacientes presentaron excelentes y buenos resultados. Los pacientes se re insertaron a sus actividades previas en un promedio de 15,2 semanas. La evolución del dolor mostro valores preoperatorios de 2,79 y postoperatorios de 0,97. 12 casos tuvieron complicaciones de las cuales 8 evolucionaron favorablemente. 8 casos presentaron una recidiva y 6 fueron re-operados. La escala subjetiva de satisfacción presento un valor promedio de 3,3, para un máximo de 4. Conclusión: Compararando nuestra experiencia con los resultados publicados, encontramos que la exploración del nervio interóseo posterior realizada de rutina no aumenta la morbilidad del procedimiento, pero tampoco mejora los resultados (AU)

Epicondilitis lateral: la liberación del nervio radial debe ser parte del tratamiento / Lateral epicondylitis: radial nerve release must be part of the treatment

Resumen: El nervio interóseo posterior (NIP) ha sido implicado en la fisiopatología de las epicondilalgias laterales. Existe suficiente evidencia anatómica para relacionar al compromiso del mismo con las epicondilitis lateral. El propósito de nuestro estudio es evaluar los resultados obtenidos al combinar la tenotomía y desinsersión del tendón conjunto con la liberación del IP utilizando la misma vía de abordaje en pacientes con diagnóstico de epicondilitis lateral rebelde al tratamiento médico. Materiales y métodos: Entre los años 1994 y 2005, 127 casos de epicondilitis lateral fueron operados. Ochenta y cinco codos en 82 pacientes fueron incluidos en este estudio retrospectivo. En todos los casos se realizó el mismo tratamiento quirúrgico. Los resultados fueron evaluados con el Mayo Elbows Performance Score. Una evaluación subjetiva de satisfacción fue realizada al final del seguimiento. Los datos estadísticos fueron evaluados con el test de Student. Resultados: El tiempo medio de seguimiento fue de 5,1 años. 70 pacientes presentaron excelentes y buenos resultados. Los pacientes se re insertaron a sus actividades previas en un promedio de 15,2 semanas. La evolución del dolor mostro valores preoperatorios de 2,79 y postoperatorios de 0,97. 12 casos tuvieron complicaciones de las cuales 8 evolucionaron favorablemente. 8 casos presentaron una recidiva y 6 fueron re-operados. La escala subjetiva de satisfacción presento un valor promedio de 3,3, para un máximo de 4. Conclusión: Compararando nuestra experiencia con los resultados publicados, encontramos que la exploración del nervio interóseo posterior realizada de rutina no aumenta la morbilidad del procedimiento, pero tampoco mejora los resultados (AU)