The Ilizarov method of external fixation: current intraoperative concepts.

The Ilizarov method of external fixation is used to treat fractures, complex lower extremity deformities, osteomyelitis, and soft tissue contractures and to lengthen limbs. Tremendous improvements in the Ilizarov method have occurred during the past 60 years, improving intraoperative care and limb salvage management concepts. Improved instrumentation has increased the quantity and complexity of the tray systems required for these procedures. Perioperative nurses must be well versed in optimal preparation and function of Ilizarov fixation systems to ensure safe patient care during Ilizarov external fixation procedures.

Adenosine A2A receptor activation attenuates inflammation and injury in diabetic nephropathy.

We previously demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effects and renal tissue protection in response to adenosine A(2A)-receptor (A(2A)R) activation in acute renal injury. We sought to extend these studies and determine the efficacy of A(2A)R agonists in a chronic model of renal injury. We hypothesized that A(2A) agonists mediate renal tissue protection in diabetic nephropathy by reducing glomerular inflammation. Diabetes was induced with single intravenous injection of streptozotocin in Sprague-Dawley rats (50 mg/kg). Increases in urinary albumin excretion (UAE) and plasma creatinine at week 6 in the diabetes group (26- and 6-fold over control, respectively) were markedly reduced by continuous subcutaneous administration of ATL146e (10 ng x kg(-1) x min(-1)), a selective A(2A) agonist. The increase in UAE in the diabetes group was associated with a significant reduction in the expression of slit diaphragm-associated molecules compared with control (nephrin; P < 0.05 and podocin; P < 0.005) that was reversed by ATL146e treatment. Diabetes led to an increase in urinary excretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (705% of control), TNF-alpha (1,586% of control), IFN-gamma (298% of control), kidney fibronectin mRNA (457% of control), and glomerular infiltration of macrophages (764% of control), effects significantly reduced by ATL146e treatment. Mesangial expansion and basement membrane thickness were reduced with ATL146e. To further confirm the selectivity of ATL146e, we used wild-type (WT) or A(2A)knockout (A(2A)-KO) mice. Four weeks after diabetes, UAE increased significantly in both WT and A(2A)-KO diabetic mice (3.0- and 3.3-fold over control). A(2A) agonist treatment blocked the increase in UAE in WT diabetic mice (P < 0.001), whereas it had no effect on the A(2A)-KO diabetic mice. These results demonstrate that chronic A(2A)R activation in diabetic rats 1) ameliorates histological and functional changes in kidneys induced by diabetes and 2) causes reduced inflammation associated with diabetic nephropathy.