ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) results from a parenchymal infiltration by Th1 T cell clones that ultimately may cause tissue destruction. We analysed here whether the quantitative assessment of the cytokine profile in peripheral lymphocytes could help for the evaluation of patients with HT. METHODS: We added to a flow cytometric evaluation of lymphocyte subpopulations, an assay to identify specific Th1 and Th2 functional subsets. Whole blood diluted in RPMI was activated with PMA and ionomycin for 4h at 37 degrees C in the presence of brefeldin. Immunophenotyping of samples was performed with PerCP-Cy5.5-conjugated CD3, and APC-conjugated CD4 antibodies. After staining for surface antigens, red cells were lysed and white cells were permeabilized. Intracellular cytokines were detected with FITC-conjugated INFgamma (Th1) and PE-conjugated IL-4 (Th2) monoclonal antibodies (mabs). RESULTS: Twenty-three consecutive patients were selected based on the detection of anti TPO ab concentration equal or higher than 600 UI/L. They were compared to 17 healthy control subjects (with undetectable TPO abs). The lymphocyte count and the proportion of the different lymphocyte subsets (T cells, B cells, NK cells, T-CD4+, T-CD8+, Th1 CD3, Th2 CD3, Th1 CD4, Th2 CD4 cells) were alike when both groups were compared. A significant difference appeared when the Th1/Th2 ratio measured on CD3 T cells was considered. This ratio was significantly increased in HT patients when compared to controls (24.91+/-2.9 vs. 15.5+/-1.4 (mean +/- SEM); p <0.05). When the same analysis was performed on CD4 T cells, the Th1/Th2 ratio was again higher in HT patients, although without reaching significance (13.5+/-1.9 vs. 8.8+/-0.6; p >0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that the Th1 context analysed in peripheral lymphocytes is dominant in HT patients. Flowcytometry could be used as a diagnostic tool to better understand the pathogeny and the outcome of destructive autoimmune thyroiditis.
Subject(s)
Flow Cytometry/methods , Lymphocytes/cytology , Lymphocytes/immunology , Th1 Cells/cytology , Th2 Cells/cytology , Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/immunology , Adult , Brefeldin A/pharmacology , CD3 Complex/biosynthesis , CD4 Antigens/biosynthesis , CD4 Antigens/chemistry , Case-Control Studies , Cytokines/metabolism , Female , Humans , Immunophenotyping , Interferon-gamma/metabolism , Interleukin-4/metabolism , Ionomycin/pharmacology , Male , Middle Aged , Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology , Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology , Thyroid Gland/physiology , Time FactorsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether percutaneous estradiol (pE2) (1.5 mg/day) is able to counteract the postmenopausal bone loss in postmenopausal hysterectomized women, in a double-blind study versus oral estriol (E3) (2 mg/day). METHODS: The bone mineral density of the lumbar spine (LS) and of the proximal femur (PF) was measured every 3 months by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry for 2 years in 43 hysterectomized postmenopausal women (21 in the E2 group and 22 in the E3 control group), and in a subset of patients for a 3rd year. The statistical analyses were performed on Macintosh using Stat View II. RESULTS: A significant bone loss of 1.2 (0.4%)% and of 1.3 (0.3)% per year was observed in the control group, respectively at LS and at PF, versus a significant gain of 1.2 (0.5)% per year in the treated group at the LS. No significant change at PF occurred in the treated group. In the 20 patients followed up for a 3rd year on pE2, an increase of 1.2 (0.9) and 2.5 (1.4)% at LS in the 12 former active group patients and the eight formerly control patients, respectively was seen. The same trend was observed at the proximal femur. CONCLUSION: pE2 (1.5 mg E2) is able to counteract the postmenopausal bone loss in hysterectomized women, whereas E3 (2 mg/day administered orally) is unable to maintain bone mass.
Subject(s)
Bone Density/drug effects , Estradiol/pharmacology , Estrogen Replacement Therapy/methods , Postmenopause/drug effects , Administration, Cutaneous , Administration, Oral , Aged , Bone Density/physiology , Double-Blind Method , Estradiol/administration & dosage , Estradiol/blood , Estriol/administration & dosage , Estriol/pharmacology , Estrogen Replacement Therapy/standards , Estrone/blood , Female , Femur/drug effects , Femur/metabolism , Humans , Hysterectomy/adverse effects , Lumbar Vertebrae/drug effects , Lumbar Vertebrae/metabolism , Middle Aged , Postmenopause/physiology , Time FactorsSubject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/blood , Burns/drug therapy , Eosine Yellowish-(YS)/administration & dosage , Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay , Vancomycin/blood , Administration, Topical , Eosine Yellowish-(YS)/therapeutic use , False Negative Reactions , Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Regression AnalysisABSTRACT
Because infectious mononucleosis is characterized by a T cell proliferation reacting with EBV-infected lymphocytes, we studied the changes in the blood cell counts and in the immunophenotype of the lymphocytes during this infection. The laboratory findings were similar for the different age groups, except in children less than 5 years old in whom we found a significantly less intense CD8+ S6F1+ response. According to this study, virus-specific serodiagnostic tests rarely show evidence of an acute primary EBV infection if the peripheral blood analysis fails to reveal significant changes in the leucocyte counts and in the T lymphocyte profiles. The study of this hematologic picture is a useful tool for the confirmation of infectious mononucleosis; moreover, it could greatly help when diagnostic problems occur.
