Perfil cognitivo y social en niños y niñas con Trastorno del Espectro Autista / Cognitive and social profile in children with autism spectrum disorder

El Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA) es una condición que se caracteriza por presentar fallas en la conducta social y comportamientos repetitivos. Su perfil neuropsicológico muestra hallaz-gos heterogéneos que dependen de la severidad del trastorno. El objetivo del presente trabajo es describir el funcionamiento neuropsicológico de una muestra de niños y niñas con TEA que asisten al Instituto para el Desarrollo Integral del Niño en condición de Autismo (DINA). La muestra estuvo conformada por 78 participantes, 15.4% de género femenino y 84.6% de géne-ro masculino, con edades entre los 6 y los 16 años. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron protocolo neuropsicológico adaptado de la ENI, prorrateo de inteligencia del WISC-IV, Test de Sally y Ann, Test de Expresiones faciales adaptadopor Paul Ekman y el Test de la Mirada para niños, El Test de Metidas de Pata, e Historias Extrañas de Happé. Los resultados se discuten a la luz de la li-teratura científica sobre el tema.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a condition that is characterized by failures in social behav-ior and repetitive behaviors. The neuropsychological profile shows heterogeneous findings that depends on the severity of the disorder. The objective of this paper is to describe the neuropsychological functioning of a sample of children with ASD who attend the Institute for the Integral Development of Children with Autism (DINA). The sample consisted of 78 partici-pants, 15.4% female and 84.6% male, aged between6 and 16 years. The instruments used were the neuropsychological protocol adapted from the ENI, intelligence apportionment from the WISC-IV, Sally and Ann Test, Facial Expressions Test adapted by Paul Ekman and Reading the Mind in the Eye for children, Faux Pas Test, and The Happé’s Strange Stories test. The re-sults are discussed considering the scientific literature on the subject. (AU)

Translation and Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Test of Infant Motor Performance to Colombian Spanish / Traducción y adaptación transcultural del Test of Infant Motor Performance al español de Colombia / Tradução e adaptação transcultural do Test of Infant Motor Performance para o espanhol colombiano

Introduction: There has been growing interest in recent years in the cross-cultural adaptation of mea-suring instruments for various conditions treated by physiotherapy. Validation of an instrument within a target language and culture creates a final version that is conceptually and linguistically adapted to the context but remains valid and reliable. This paper describes the process of translation and cross-cul-tural adaptation of the Test of Infant Motor Performance (timp) from us English to Colombian Spanish. This was performed in accordance with international methodological guidelines. Materials and meth-ods: A group of trained translators and field experts participated in the five stages presented herein. These stages were translation and adaptation of the instrument to Colombian Spanish, validation of its content and appearance, back-translation, revision by the original author, and, finally, a pilot test.Results: The existence of two intralingual translated and revised versions of this instrument led to a more appropriate preliminary version from conceptual, discursive, and terminological perspectives. Therefore, the adjustments made in the first stage were primarily semantic. During the second stage, field experts positively assessed the translated version and suggested adjustments to grammar, spell-ing, and word choices. There were no significant discursive problems during the back-translation stage so conceptual and terminological adjustments were minor. The revision stage and the pilot test were satisfactory. Conclusion: This translation and cross-cultural adaptation was successful. The Colombian Spanish version of the measure was culturally relevant and used appropriate language, yet remained a valid and reliable tool

Introducción: la adaptación transcultural de distintos instrumentos de medición, y para diferentes tipos de condiciones en el campo de la fisioterapia, ha sido un tema de interés en los últimos años. La validación lingüística de un instrumento a una lengua y cultura meta implica que la versión final es adaptada conceptual y lingüísticamente al contexto meta. El objetivo de este artículo es describir el proceso de traducción y adaptación transcultural al español de Colombia del Test of Infant Motor Performace(timp) siguiendo los lineamientos metodológicos internacionales. Materiales y método: se conformó un grupo de traductores calificados y de expertos que participaron en cinco fases: traducción y adaptación al español de Colombia, validez de contenido y apariencia, retrotraducción, revisión por autora original y prueba piloto. Resultados: la posibilidad de contar con dos versiones intralinguales revisadas llevó a una versión preliminar más adecuada desde las perspectivas conceptual, discursiva y terminológica. Por lo tanto, los ajustes en esta fase se realizaron principalmente desde una perspectiva semántica. En cuanto a la segunda fase, los expertos validaron positivamente dicha versión y sugirieron cambiar algunas palabras y cuestiones ortográficas. La fase de retrotraducción y la validación no presentaron problemas discursivos, así que las adecuaciones conceptuales y terminológicas fueron mínimas. La fase de revisión y la prueba piloto fueron satisfactorias. Conclusión: este proceso de traducción y adaptación transcultural fue exitoso. La versión al español de Colombia fue apropiada culturalmente, además de ser una herramienta válida y confiable

Introdução: a adaptação transcultural de diferentes instrumentos de medida e para diferentes tipos de condições no campo da fisioterapia tem sido um tema de interesse nos últimos anos. A validação linguís-tica de um instrumento para uma língua e cultura alvo implica que a versão final seja conceitual e lin-guisticamente adaptada ao contexto alvo. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever o processo de tradução e adaptação transcultural para o espanhol colombiano do Test of Infant Motor Performace (timp) de acordo com as diretrizes metodológicas internacionais. Materiais e métodos: foi conformado um grupo de tradu-tores qualificados e especialistas que participaram em cinco fases: tradução e adaptação para o espanhol colombiano, validade de conteúdo e aparência, retrotradução, revisão pelo autor original e teste piloto. Resultados: a possibilidade de haver duas versões intralinguais revisadas levou a uma versão preliminar mais adequada do ponto de vista conceitual, discursivo e terminológico, portanto, os ajustes nesta fase foram feitos principalmente do ponto de vista semântico. Já na segunda fase, os especialistas validaram positivamente essa versão e sugeriram alterações em algumas palavras e problemas ortográficos. A fase de retrotradução e a validação não apresentaram problemas discursivos, portanto as adaptações conceituais e terminológicas foram mínimas. A fase de revisão e o teste pilotoforam bem-sucedidos. Conclusão: este processo de tradução e adaptação transcultural foi favorável do ponto de vista de validade e aparência para o contexto colombiano

Calidad de vida en personas con discapacidad intelectual y múltiple de 4 a 21 años de edad / Quality of life in persons with intellectual and multiple disability from 4 to 21 years old

Resumen El objetivo fue evaluar la calidad de vida de personas con discapacidad intelectual y múltiple de 4 a 21 años a través de la Escala KidsLife validada para Colombia. Se adelantó un estudio de corte cuantitativo-explicativo, en el que participaron 220 informantes clave. Las dimensiones donde se evidenciaron puntuaciones medias más altas en calidad de vida fueron bienestar físico y bienestar emocional; contrariamente, las puntuaciones más bajas se registraron en autodeterminación e inclusión social. Se encontraron diferencias significativas de acuerdo con nivel de discapacidad, nivel de necesidades de apoyo y nivel de dependencia reconocida. Las mayores diferencias significativas correspondieron a las variables: sexo, contar con la familia y tener acceso a la escolaridad; sin embargo, las variables explicativas de la calidad de vida fueron: nivel de necesidades de apoyo, contar con el apoyo de una familia, residir en el hogar familiar y escolarización ordinaria. Se concluyó que los menores puntajes en autodeterminación e inclusión social indican la necesidad de promover la participación en actividades comunitarias de interés que sean incluyentes. De igual forma, las relaciones encontradas entre los factores sociodemográficos y la calidad de vida evidencian la necesidad de implementar intervenciones orientadas a la creación de planes de apoyo individualizados, con el fin de promover su autodeterminación y estimular los logros personales y organizacionales.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of life of the persons with intellectual and multiple disabilities between 4 to 21 years through the KidsLife Scale validated for Colombia. A quantitative-explanatory study was carried out involving 220 key informants. The dimensions with higher average scores in quality of life were physical well-being and emotional well-being; conversely, the lowest scores recorded were related to self-determination and social inclusion. Significant differences were found according to: level of disability, level of support needs and level of recognized dependence. The greatest significant differences corresponded to variables such as sex, having a family and the access to schooling. However, the explanatory variables of quality of life were: level of support needs, having family support, family home residing and ordinary schooling. It was concluded that the lower scores in self-determination and social inclusion indicate the need to promote participation in community activities of interest that are inclusive. Likewise, the relationships found between sociodemographic factors and quality of life show the need to implement interventions aimed at the creation of individualized support plans in order to promote self-determination and stimulate personal and organizational achievements.

Adaptación transcultural para Colombia de la Escala KidsLife para personas con discapacidad intelectual y múltiple / Cross-Cultural adaptation for Colombia of the KidsLife Scale for people with intellectual and multiple disabilities

Resumen Introducción. La calidad de vida, como constructo multidimensional, considera aspectos físicos, sociales y culturales de las personas con discapacidad intelectual; por ello, se hace necesario contar con instrumentos adaptados y validados que permitan reconocer las necesidades específicas de esta población. Objetivo. Adaptar transculturalmente para Colombia la Escala KidsLife para personas con discapacidad intelectual. Materiales y métodos. Estudio instrumental hecho por fases: se hizo una revisión preliminar de la escala por parte de los investigadores; se comprobó la validez de contenido por juicio de siete expertos, quienes valoraron importancia, influencia, observancia y adecuación gramatical, y se realizó un estudio piloto con 30 personas para determinar confiabilidad y poder discriminativo. Resultados. En cuanto a la validez de contenido, los coeficientes de concordancia ponderados para concordancia entre jueces y concordancia de las dimensiones resultaron buenos. Respecto a la confiabilidad y poder discriminativo, se halló consistencia interna muy buena piara la escala total (alfa de Cronbach 0.95) y 52 ítems bajo poder discriminativo (p>0.1). Conclusiones. La adaptación y validez para Colombia de la Escala KidsLife permitirá fortalecer procesos de atención desde las diferentes dimensiones de calidad de vida centrados en las necesidades de la persona con discapacidad intelectual y múltiple, las familias y los profesionales de apoyo.

Abstract Introduction: Quality of life, as a multidimensional construct, comprises physical, social and cultural aspects of people with intellectual disabilities; therefore, it is necessary to have adapted and validated instruments to recognize the specific needs of this population. Objective: To make a cross-cultural adaptation for Colombia of the KidsLife Scale for people with intellectual disabilities. Materials and methods: Instrumental study done in phases. First, a preliminary review of the scale was made by the researchers; then, the validity of the content was verified by seven experts who assessed relevance, impact, compliance and grammatical adequacy; finally, a pilot study was carried out with 30 people to determine reliability and discriminative power. Results: In terms of content validity, the weighted concordance coefficients for agreement among judges and dimensional concordance were good. Regarding reliability and discriminative power, very good internal consistency was found for the whole scale (Cronbach's alpha of 0.95) and 52 items under discriminative power (p>0.1). Conclusions: The adapted and validated KidsLife Scale for Colombia will strengthen the care processes from different dimensions of quality of life, focused on the needs of the person with intellectual and multiple disabilities, families and support professionals.

Correlación entre discapacidad y calidad de vida en niños con trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad / Correlation between disability and quality of life in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Resumen Introducción. El trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) genera limitaciones en las actividades y restricciones en la participación, de allí que deba abordarse desde un modelo biopsicosocial que considere la dimensión calidad de vida (CV). Objetivo. Correlacionar el grado de discapacidad a nivel escolar con la CV en niños con TDAH. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio correlacional en una muestra no probabilística de 106 niños de 8 a 12 años de Cali, Colombia. Se utilizaron los instrumentos MINIKID, KIDSCREEN-27 versiones padres y niños y el Cuestionario para Limitaciones en Actividad y Restricciones en Participación TDAH Versión Profesores. Se hizo un análisis descriptivo de características sociodemográficas y CV y un análisis correlacional entre grado de discapacidad con CV. Resultados. El promedio de edad de los niños estudiados fue de 9.6±1.19 años, predominó el género masculino y TDAH de tipo combinado. La CV es bien valorada por padres y niños, pero los puntajes bajos se presentan en la dimensión "El colegio". No se encontró correlación entre CV y grado de discapacidad. Conclusión. Los padres y niños con TDAH valoran positivamente la CV, pero hay tendencia a una valoración menor en la dimensión colegio. No existe correlación entre CV y grado de discapacidad a nivel escolar.

Abstract Introduction: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) generates limitations in activities and restrictions in participation. Consequently, this condition should be addressed based on a biopsychosocial model that considers the quality of life (QL) dimension. Objective: To correlate the degree of disability at school with the QL in children with ADHD. Materials and methods: A correlational study was conducted on a non-probability sample of 106 children aged 8 to 12 in Cali, Colombia. The instruments used were MINIKID, KIDSCREEN-27 for parents and children, and the Activity Limitations and Participation Restrictions of Children with ADHD Questionnaire, teachers version. A descriptive analysis of socio-demographic characteristics and QL, as well as a correlational analysis between degree of disability and QL were carried out. Results: The average age of the children studied was 9.6±1.19 years, with predominance of the male sex and combined ADHD. QL was positively assessed by parents and children, but low scores are observed in the "The School" dimension. No correlation was found between QL and degree of disability. Conclusion: Parents and children with ADHD assess QL positively, but there is a tendency towards a lower score in the school dimension. There is no correlation between QL and degree of disability at school level.

Impact of change of matrix crystallinity and polymorphism on ovalbumin release from lipid-based implants.

The objectives of this study were to prepare lipid-based implants by hot melt extrusion (HME) for the prolonged release of ovalbumin (OVA), and to relate protein release to crystallinity and polymorphic changes of the lipid matrix. Two lipids, glycerol tristearate and hydrogenated palm oil, with different composition and degree of crystallinity were studied. Solid OVA was dispersed within the lipid matrixes, which preserved its stability during extrusion. This was partially attributed to a protective effect of the lipidic matrix. The incorporation of OVA decreased the mechanical strength of the implants prepared with the more crystalline matrix, glycerol tristearate, whereas it remained comparable for the hydrogenated palm oil because of stronger physical and non-covalent interactions between the protein and this lipid. This was also the reason for the faster release of OVA from the glycerol tristearate matrix when compared to the hydrogenated palm oil (8 vs. 28 weeks). Curing induced and increased crystallinity, and changes in the release rate, especially for the more crystalline matrix. In this case, both an increase and a decrease in release, were observed depending on the tempering condition. Curing at higher temperatures induced a melt-mediated crystallization and solid state transformation of the glycerol tristearate matrix and led to rearrangements of the inner structure with the formation of larger pores, which accelerated the release. In contrast, changes in the hydrogenated palm oil under the same curing conditions were less noticeable leading to a more robust formulation, because of less polymorphic changes over time. This study helps to understand the effect of lipid matrix composition and crystallinity degree on the performance of protein-loaded implants, and to establish criteria for the selection of a lipid carrier depending on the release profile desired.

Improving release completeness from PLGA-based implants for the acid-labile model protein ovalbumin.

The objectives of this study were to assess the feasibility of hot melt extrusion (HME) for the preparation of PLGA-based ovalbumin-loaded implants as well as to characterize and improve protein release from the implants. Ovalbumin (OVA) was stable during extrusion, which was attributed to a protective effect of the biodegradable matrix. OVA release was characterized by a low burst, a slow release up to day 21, which plateaued thereafter resulting in incomplete release for all evaluated protein loadings. Release incompleteness was accompanied by the formation of an insoluble residual mass. Further characterization of this mass indicated that it consisted of non-covalent protein aggregates and polymer, where ovalbumin was ionically bound as the pH inside the degrading matrix decreased below the pI of the protein. Although higher protein release was obtained with the inclusion of weak bases because of their neutralizing effect, OVA aggregation and release incompleteness were not fully avoided. With the use of shellac, a well-known enteric and biocompatible polymer, as protective excipient, a distinct late release phase occurred and release completeness was increased to more than 75% cumulative release. Shellac apparently protected the protein against the acidic microclimate due to its low solubility at low pH. Protected OVA was thus released once the pH increased due to a declining PLGA-oligomer formation. The result was a triphasic release profile consisting of an initial burst, a slow diffusion phase over about 7 weeks, and an erosion-controlled dissolution phase over the next 3 weeks. An acid-labile protein like OVA was thus feasibly protected from interactions with PLGA and its degradation products, resulting in a controlled delivery of more than 85% of the original payload.

Degradation, Intra-Articular Biocompatibility, Drug Release, and Bioactivity of Tacrolimus-Loaded Poly(d-l-lactide-PEG)-b-poly(l-lactide) Multiblock Copolymer-Based Monospheres.

The aim of this study was to develop a formulation with a sustained intra-articular release of the anti-inflammatory drug tacrolimus. Drug release kinetics from the prepared tacrolimus loaded monodisperse biodegradable microspheres based on poly(d-l-lactide-PEG)-b-poly(l-lactide) multiblock copolymers were tunable by changing polymer composition, particularly hydrophobic-hydrophilic block ratio. The monospheres were 30 µm and released the drug, depending on the formulation, in 7 to >42 days. The formulation exhibiting sustained release for 1 month was selected for further in vivo evaluation. Rat knees were injected with three different doses of tacrolimus (10 wt %) loaded monospheres (2.5, 5.0, and 10 mg), contralateral control knees with saline. Micro-CT and histology showed no negative changes on cartilage, indicating good biocompatibility. Minor osteophyte formation was seen in a dose dependent fashion, suggesting local drug release and therapeutic action thereof. To investigate in vivo drug release, tacrolimus monospheres were injected into horse joints, after which multiple blood and synovial fluid samples were taken. Sustained intra-articular release was seen during the entire four-week follow-up, with negligible systemic drug concentrations (<1 ng/mL), confirming the feasibility of local intra-articular drug delivery without provoking systemic effects. Intra-articular injection of unloaded monospheres led to a transient inflammatory reaction, measured by total synovial leucocyte count (72 h). This reaction was significantly lower in joints injected with tacrolimus loaded monospheres, showing not only the successful local tacrolimus delivery but also local anti-inflammatory action. This local anti-inflammatory potential without systemic side-effects can be beneficial in the treatment of inflammatory joint diseases, among which is osteoarthritis.

Variantes moleculares en el gen PARK2 en pacientes colombianos con enfermedad de Parkinson. Estudio piloto entre el 2013 y 2014 / Molecular variants in gene PARK2 in Colombian patients with Parkinson's disease. Pilot study between 2013 and 2014

Resumen Introducción: La enfermedad de Parkinson se caracteriza por la degeneración y pérdida de las neuronas dopaminérgicas en el cerebro. Existen factores genéticos involucrados en su desarrollo, en su forma de inicio temprano como el gen PARK2, codificante de la parkina, una E3 ubiquitín ligasa, lo que hace que en caso de mutaciones pierda su capacidad reguladora de degradación de proteínas causando estrés y muerte celular. Objetivo: Determinar la presencia de cambios moleculares en los exones 3, 4, y 5 de PARK2 en un grupo de 29 pacientes y 21 controles colombianos con enfermedad de Parkinson de inicio temprano o con antecedentes familiares de ella y la posible correlación con las manifestaciones clínicas de los pacientes. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo observacional (entre junio de 2013 y noviembre de 2014) en donde se realizó extracción de ADN de sangre total y se utilizó la técnica de PCR para cada uno de los exones. Finalmente se procedió a la secuenciación automática, análisis de las secuencias con el software Sequencher y comparación con información de bases de datos. Resultados: Se identificó una variante en estado homocigoto (Ala46Thr) en el exón 4 en un paciente no reportada anteriormente, posiblemente no patogénica y la variante Ser167Asn en estado heterocigoto en el mismo exón en otro paciente, considerada patogénica y reportada con anterioridad en poblaciones asiática y europea. No se identificaron variantes en los controles. Conclusiones: Los cambios no descritos antes en la población colombiana, -Ala46Thr y Ser167Asn-, fueron identificados en el grupo de pacientes. MÉD.UIS. 2017;30(3):31-8.

Abstract Introduction: Parkinson's disease is characterized by the degeneration and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the brain. There are genetic factors involved in its development in its early onset form, such as the PARK2 gene encoding the parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, which in the case of mutations loses its ability to regulate protein degradation causing stress and cell death. Objective: To determine the presence of molecular changes in PARK2 exons 3, 4 and 5 in a group of 29 patients and 21 colombian controls with early onset Parkinson's disease or a family history of Parkinson's disease and the possible correlation with clinical manifestations from the patients. Materials and methods: Observational descriptive study (between june of 2013 and november of 2014) where DNA extraction of whole blood was performed and the PCR technique was used for each of the exons. Finally, we proceeded to the automatic sequencing, analysis of the sequences with the Sequencher software and comparison with information of databases. Results: A homozygous variant (Ala46Thr) in exon 4 was identified in one patient not previously reported, possibly nonpathogenic and the Ser167Asn variant in heterozygous state in the same exon in another patient, considered pathogenic and previously reported in populations Asian and European. No variants were identified in the controls. Conclusions: changes not previously described in the colombian population, -Ala46Thr and Ser167Asn-, were identified in the group of patients and not in the controls. MÉD.UIS. 2017;30(3):31-8.

Passiflora tarminiana fruits reduce UVB-induced photoaging in human skin fibroblasts.

Skin aging is a complex process that is strongly affected by UV radiation, which stimulates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the epidermis and dermis and subsequently causes skin damage. Among the major consequences are increased collagen degradation and reduced collagen synthesis. Previous reports have demonstrated the beneficial effects of polyphenols for healthy skin. Passiflora tarminiana Coppens & V.E. Barney, a species of the Passifloraceae family, is widely distributed in South America and is rich in flavonoids. We show that UVB radiation increases metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) and reduces procollagen production in human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. We examined the antioxidant and antiaging effects of the extract and fractions of P. tarminiana fruits. The fractions showed high polyphenol content (620mg EAG/g) and antioxidant activity, as measured by ORAC (4097µmol ET/g) and ABTS (2992µmol ET/g) assays. The aqueous fraction drastically inhibited the collagenase enzyme (IC50 0.43µg/mL). The extract and fractions presented photoprotective effects by reducing UVB-induced MMP-1 production, increasing UVB-inhibited procollagen production, and decreasing ROS production after UVB irradiation in HDF. Finally, the polyphenol contents of the extracts and fractions from P. tarminiana were analyzed by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn, and procyanidins and glycosylated flavonoids were identified.

Degradation, intra-articular retention and biocompatibility of monospheres composed of [PDLLA-PEG-PDLLA]-b-PLLA multi-block copolymers.

In this study, we investigated the use of microspheres with a narrow particle size distribution ('monospheres') composed of biodegradable poly(DL-lactide)-PEG-poly(DL-lactide)-b-poly(L-lactide) multiblock copolymers that are potentially suitable for local sustained drug release in articular joints. Monospheres with sizes of 5, 15 and 30µm and a narrow particle size distribution were prepared by a micro-sieve membrane emulsification process. During in vitro degradation, less crystallinity, higher swelling and accelerated mass loss during was observed with increasing the PEG content of the polymer. The monospheres were tested in both a small (mice/rat) and large animal model (horse). In vivo imaging after injection with fluorescent dye loaded microspheres in mice knees showed that monospheres of all sizes retained within the joint for at least 90days, while the same dose of free dye redistributed to the whole body within the first day after intra-articular injection. Administration of monospheres in equine carpal joints caused a mild transient inflammatory response without any clinical signs and without degradation of the cartilage, as evidenced by the absence of degradation products of sulfated glycosaminoglycans or collagen type 2 in the synovial fluid. The excellent intra-articular biocompatibility was confirmed in rat knees, where µCT-imaging and histology showed neither changes in cartilage quality nor quantity. Given the good intra-articular retention and the excellent biocompatibility, these novel poly(DL-lactide)-PEG-poly(DL-lactide)-b-poly(L-lactide)-based monospheres can be considered a suitable platform for intra-articular drug delivery. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This paper demonstrates the great potential in intra-articular drug delivery of monodisperse biodegradable microspheres which were prepared using a new class of biodegradable multi-block copolymers and a unique membrane emulsification process allowing the preparation of microspheres with a narrow particle size distribution (monospheres) leading to multiple advantages like better injectability, enhanced reproducibility and predictability of the in vivo release kinetics. We report not only on the synthesis and preparation, but also in vitro characterization, followed by in vivo testing of intra-articular biocompatibility of the monospheres in both a small and a large animal model. The favourable intra-articular biocompatibility combined with the prolonged intra-articular retention (>90days) makes these monospheres an interesting drug delivery platform. What should also be highlighted is the use of horses; a very accurate translational model for the human situation, making the results not only relevant for equine healthcare, but also for the development of novel human OA therapies.

[Association between the characteristics of coordination development disorder and symptoms of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity in children in the city of Manizales]. / Asociación de características de trastorno del desarrollo de la coordinación con síntomas de trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad en niños de la ciudad de Manizales.

INTRODUCTION: Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) in childhood is an important public health problem, which has important implications for different spheres of development: motor, cognitive, psychosocial and emotional. Therefore, the presence of comorbidity is common, along with other disorders in child development. This article presents a study that determines the association between DCD characteristics with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between DCD characteristics and ADHD symptoms in the city of Manizales, Colombia. METHODS: Cross-sectional, descriptive and associative study, in a sample of 140 children aged 6-12, randomised in public and private institutions. A structured interview was conducted, along with the questionnaires MINIKID and Cuestionario para Trastorno del Desarrollo de la Coordinación (CTDC). A descriptive univariate analysis was performed on the the sociodemographic characteristics, as well as association tests with χ(2) test, and dependence level with φ coefficient. RESULTS: A statistically significant association was found between the CTDC characteristics with ADHD symptoms (φ=.452; P=.001). CONCLUSIONS: An association was found in the studied population between the CTDC characteristics and ADHD symptoms, indicating that children with difficulties in motor performance may also have attention difficulties and hyperactivity.

Asociación de características de trastorno del desarrollo de la coordinación con síntomas de trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad en niños de la ciudad de Manizales / Association between the characteristics of coordination development disorder and symptoms of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity in children in the city of Manizales

Introducción: El trastorno del desarrollo de la coordinación (TDC) en la infancia es un problema importante para la salud pública, ya que tiene repercusiones importantes en las diferentes esferas del desarrollo: motor, cognitivo, psicosocial y emocional; por ello es frecuente la comorbilidad con otros trastornos del desarrollo infantil. Se presenta un estudio que determina la asociación de características de TDC con síntomas del trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH). Objetivo: Determinar la asociación de características de TDC con síntomas de TDAH en niños y niñas de la ciudad de Manizales, Colombia. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y de asociación con una muestra de 140 niñas de 6-12 años de edad, aleatorizados en instituciones educativas públicas y privadas. Se realizó entrevista estructurada y aplicación de los instrumentos MINIKID y Cuestionario para Trastorno del Desarrollo de la Coordinación (CTDC). Se realizaron análisis descriptivo univariable para la caracterización sociodemográfica y pruebas de asociación a través del test de la χ² y grado de dependencia con coeficiente φ. Resultados: Se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre características de TDC y síntomas de TDAH (φ = 0,452; p = 0,001). Conclusiones: En la población estudiada se encontró asociación entre características de TDC y síntomas de TDAH, lo que indica que niños con dificultades en el desempeño motor también pueden sufrir dificultades de atención e hiperactividad.

Introduction: Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) in childhood is an important public health problem, which has important implications for different spheres of development: motor, cognitive, psychosocial and emotional. Therefore, the presence of comorbidity is common, along with other disorders in child development. this article presents a study that determines the association between DCD characteristics with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. Objective: To determine the association between DCD characteristics and ADHD symptoms in the city of Manizales, Colombia. Methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive and associative study, in a sample of 140 children aged 6-12, randomised in public and private institutions. A structured interview was conducted, along with the questionnaires MINIKID and Cuestionario para Trastorno del Desarrollo de la Coordinación (CTDC). A descriptive univariate analysis was performed on the the sociodemographic characteristics, as well as association tests with 2 test, and dependence level with φ coefficient. Results: A statistically significant association was found between the CTDC characteristics with ADHD symptoms (φ=.452; P=.001). Conclusions: An association was found in the studied population between the CTDC characteristics and ADHD symptoms, indicating that children with difficulties in motor performance may also have attention difficulties and hyperactivity.

Microsphere-Based Rapamycin Delivery, Systemic Versus Local Administration in a Rat Model of Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury.

PURPOSE: The increasing prevalence and treatment costs of kidney diseases call for innovative therapeutic strategies that prevent disease progression at an early stage. We studied a novel method of subcapsular injection of monodisperse microspheres, to use as a local delivery system of drugs to the kidney. METHODS: We generated placebo- and rapamycin monodisperse microspheres to investigate subcapsular delivery of drugs. Using a rat model of acute kidney injury, subcapsular injection of placebo and rapamycin monodisperse microspheres (monospheres) was compared to subcutaneous injection, mimicking systemic administration. RESULTS: We did not find any adverse effects related to the delivery method. Irrespective of the injection site, a similar low dose of rapamycin was present in the circulation. However, only local intrarenal delivery of rapamycin from monospheres led to decreased macrophage infiltration and a significantly lower amount of myofibroblasts in the kidney, where systemic administration did not. Local delivery of rapamycin did cause a transient increase in the deposition of collagen I, but not of collagen III. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that therapeutic effects can be increased when rapamycin is delivered subcapsularly by monospheres, which, combined with low systemic concentrations, may lead to an effective intrarenal delivery method.

Production methods and stabilization strategies for polymer-based nanoparticles and microparticles for parenteral delivery of peptides and proteins.

INTRODUCTION: Therapeutic proteins and peptides often require parenteral administration, which compels frequent administration and patient discomfort. This ultimately decreases compliance and leads to therapy failure. Biocompatible and biodegradable polymers offer a versatile matrix for particles suitable for the parenteral delivery of these biomacromolecules, with the added possibility of long-term controlled release. During the past decade, research on polymeric microparticles and nanoparticles as delivery vehicles has intensified; nevertheless, only few products have been commercialized. AREAS COVERED: This review discusses the different production techniques for microparticles and nanoparticles suitable for peptide and protein delivery, including examples of recently developed formulations. Stability of the biomacromolecules related to these production techniques is evaluated, as it is a critical parameter to be considered during product development. Additionally, several strategies to improve stability are described in detail, providing insight and guidance for further formulation development. EXPERT OPINION: In the conventionally used and thoroughly investigated emulsification method, stability of peptides and proteins is still a challenge. Emerging methods like solvent displacement, layer-by-layer polymer deposition, electrospraying and supercritical fluid technologies have the potential to improve stability of the protein and peptide. Nonetheless, these methods are still under development and they need critical evaluation to improve production efficiency before proceeding to in vivo efficacy studies. Improvement should be achieved by strengthening cooperation between academic research groups, pharmaceutical companies and regulatory authorities.

Local therapeutic efficacy with reduced systemic side effects by rapamycin-loaded subcapsular microspheres.

Kidney injury triggers fibrosis, the final common pathway of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The increase of CKD prevalence worldwide urgently calls for new therapies. Available systemic treatment such as rapamycin are associated with serious side effects. To study the potential of local antifibrotic therapy, we administered rapamycin-loaded microspheres under the kidney capsule of ureter-obstructed rats and assessed the local antifibrotic effects and systemic side effects of rapamycin. After 7 days, microsphere depots were easily identifiable under the kidney capsule. Both systemic and local rapamycin treatment reduced intrarenal mTOR activity, myofibroblast accumulation, expression of fibrotic genes, and T-lymphocyte infiltration. Upon local treatment, inhibition of mTOR activity and reduction of myofibroblast accumulation were limited to the immediate vicinity of the subcapsular pocket, while reduction of T-cell infiltration was widespread. In contrast to systemically administered rapamycin, local treatment did not induce off target effects such as weight loss. Thus subcapsular delivery of rapamycin-loaded microspheres successfully inhibited local fibrotic response in UUO with less systemic effects. Therapeutic effect of released rapamycin was most prominent in close vicinity to the implanted microspheres.

Consistencia interna y validez concurrente del cuestionario para evaluación de limitaciones y restricciones en niños con TDAH / Internal Consistency and Concurrent Validity of the Questionnaire for Limitations and Restrictions Assessment in Children with ADHD / Consistência interna e validez concorrente do questionário para avaliação de limitações e restrições em crianças com TDAH

Introducción: El TDAH es uno de los diagnósticos más frecuentes en psiquiatría infantil, su diagnóstico temprano reviste una gran importancia para su intervención familiar, escolar y social. Basándose en la clasificación internacional del funcionamiento, la discapacidad y la salud CIF, se diseñó un cuestionario para la evaluación de limitaciones en la actividad y restricciones en la participación en niños con TDAH, el cuestionario CLARP-TDAH versión padres y profesores. Objetivo: Determinar el grado de consistencia interna de los CLARP-TDAH y su validez concurrente con el cuestionario de capacidades y dificultades SDQ versión padres y maestros. Materiales y métodos: Muestra de 203 niños de 6 a 12 años con TDAH, escolarizados, en cinco ciudades de Colombia. Se aplicaron estos cuestionarios a padres y profesores. El análisis de consistencia interna se realizó por coeficiente de Cronbach, y la validez concurrente mediante coeficiente de correlación de Spearman y con predictores múltiples y únicos a través de modelos de regresión lineal múltiple y simple. Resultados: La consistencia interna fue elevada para los cuestionarios globales y para cada uno de sus dominios. El CLARP-TDAH padres obtuvo consistencia interna de 0,83 y el CLARP-TDAH profesores de 0,93. Se halló validez concurrente entre los CLARPTDAH y el SDQ padres y maestros, existe concurrencia entre el CLARP-TDAH profesores y SDQ maestros, y entre el CLARP-TDAH padres y profesores, esto dado por valores p < 0,001.

Introduction: ADHD is one of the most common diagnoses in child psychiatry, its early diagnosis is of great importance for intervention at family, school and social environment. Based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), a questionnaire was designed to assess activity limitations and participation restrictions in children with ADHD. The questionnaire was called "CLARP-ADHD Parent and Teacher Version". Objective: To determine the degree of internal consistency of the CLARP-ADHD questionnaire, and its concurrent validity with the "Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire SDQ parent and teacher version". Material and Methods: A sample of 203 children aged 6 to 12 with ADHD, currently attending school in five Colombian cities. The questionnaires were applied to parents and teachers. The internal consistency analysis was performed through Cronbach coefficient and concurrent validity using the Spearman correlation coefficient utilizing multiple and unique predictors through multiple linear regression as well as simple regression models. Results: A high internal consistency was found for global questionnaires for each of its domains. The CLARP-ADHD for parents gave as result an internal consistency of 0.83, and the CLARP-ADHD for teachers one of 0.93. Concurrent validity was found between the CLARP-ADHD and the SDQ Parent and Teacher version; also, concurrence between the CLARPADHD for Teachers and the SDQTeachers was found, as well as between CLARPADHD for Parents and CLARP ADHD Teachers, given by p values of p < 0.001.

Introdução: O TDAH é um dos diagnósticos mais frequentes em psiquiatria infantil, seu diagnóstico precoce reviste uma grande importância para sua intervenção no nível familiar, escola e social. Baseando-se na classificação internacional do funcionamento, a deficiência e a saúde CIF, criou-se um questionário para a avaliação de limitações na atividade e restrições na participação em crianças com TDAH, o questionário CLARP-TDAH Versão Pais e Professores. Objetivo: Determinar o grau de consistência interna dos CLARP TDAH e sua validez concorrente com o questionário de capacidades e dificuldades SDQ versão pais e professores. Materiais e Métodos: Amostra de 203 crianças de 6 e 12 anos com TDAH, escolarizados, em cinco cidades da Colômbia. Aplicaram-se estes questionários a pais e professores. A análise de consistência interna realizou-se por coeficiente de Cronbach, e a validez concorrente mediante coeficiente de correlação de Spearman e com preditores múltiplos e únicos através de modelos de regressão lineal múltipla e simples. Resultados: A consistência interna foi elevada para os questionários globais e para cada um de seus domínios. O questionário CLARP-TDAH dos pais obteve consistência interna de 0,83, e o CLARP-TDAH dos professores de 0,93. Achou-se validez concorrente entre os CLARP TDAH e o SDQ Pais e Professores, existe concorrência entre o CLARP TDAH Professores e SDQ Professores, e entre o CLARP TDAH Pais e CLARP TDAH Professores, isto dado por valores p < 0,001.

Confiabilidad intraevaluador del cuestionario para limitaciones en la actividad y restricciones en la participación de niños con TDAH / Intra-rater Reliability for the Questionnaire on Activity Limitations and Participation Restrictions of Children With ADHD

Introducción: Los cuestionarios para la evaluación de limitaciones en la actividad y restricciones en la participación de niños con TDAH (CLARP-TDAH) se han desarrollado recientemente en Colombia, basados en las sugerencias hechas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) desde la Clasificación Internacional del Funcionamiento, la Discapacidad y la Salud (CIF), lo cual permite trascender de la evaluación clínica a una evaluación desde la funcionalidad y el funcionamiento de los niños en su contexto familiar y escolar. En este estudio se determinó el grado de confiabilidad intraevaluador para los cuestionarios CLARP TDAH Padres y Profesores. Métodos: En una muestra no probabilística de 203 niños y niñas colombianos escolarizados y diagnosticados con TDAH, se determinó la confiabilidad intraevaluador a través del índice kappa; los informantes fueron los padres y los profesores. Resultados: Se encontró que la confiabilidad intraevaluador de los dominios del cuestionario CLARP-TDAH para padres obtuvo κ > 0,7, mientras que para los dominios del CLARP-TDAH Profesores resultaron > 0,8. Conclusiones: Los cuestionarios CLARP-TDAH son una herramienta con buen nivel de confiabilidad intraevaluador, lo cual permite realizar una evaluación confiable de las limitaciones en la actividad y las restricciones en la participación para determinar el funcionamiento en los entornos familiar y escolar.

Introduction: Questionnaires for evaluating activity limitations and participation restrictions in children with ADHD (CLARP-TDAH) has recently been developed in Colombia, based on the suggestions made by the WHO from the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), allowing clinical evaluation beyond an evaluation of the functionality and functioning of children in their family and school environments. Previous research with the questionnaire proved useful in the multidisciplinary approach of Colombian children with ADHD. This study determines the level of intra-rater reliability for questionnaires CLARP-TDAH Parents and Teachers. Methods: The study included a non-random sample of 203 Colombian children attending school and diagnosed with ADHD. Intra-rater reliability and the reproducibility of the results was determined using the Kappa index. The informants were parents and teachers. Results: Kappa values >0.7 were obtained for the intra-rater reliability of the questionnaire domains of CLARP-TDAH Parents, while for CLARP-TDAH Teachers domains these values were >0.8. Conclusions: CLARP-TDAH questionnaires are a tool with a good level of intra-rater reliability, which allows a reliable assessment of activity limitations and participation restrictions in order to determine the level of functioning at home and school.

[Intra-rater Reliability for the Questionnaire on Activity Limitations and Participation Restrictions of Children With ADHD]. / Confiabilidad intraevaluador del cuestionario para limitaciones en la actividad y restricciones en la participación de niños con TDAH.

INTRODUCTION: Questionnaires for evaluating activity limitations and participation restrictions in children with ADHD (CLARP-TDAH) has recently been developed in Colombia, based on the suggestions made by the WHO from the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), allowing clinical evaluation beyond an evaluation of the functionality and functioning of children in their family and school environments. Previous research with the questionnaire proved useful in the multidisciplinary approach of Colombian children with ADHD. This study determines the level of intra-rater reliability for questionnaires CLARP-TDAH Parents and Teachers. METHODS: The study included a non-random sample of 203 Colombian children attending school and diagnosed with ADHD. Intra-rater reliability and the reproducibility of the results was determined using the Kappa index. The informants were parents and teachers. RESULTS: Kappa values >0.7 were obtained for the intra-rater reliability of the questionnaire domains of CLARP-TDAH Parents, while for CLARP-TDAH Teachers domains these values were >0.8. CONCLUSIONS: CLARP-TDAH questionnaires are a tool with a good level of intra-rater reliability, which allows a reliable assessment of activity limitations and participation restrictions in order to determine the level of functioning at home and school.

Radical scavenging capacity of 2,4-dihydroxy-9-phenyl-1H-phenalen-1-one: a functional group exclusion approach.

2,4-Dihydroxy-9-phenyl-1H-phenalen-1-one (4-hydroxyanigorufone, 1), a compound isolated from Anigozanthos flavidus and Monochoria elata, displayed a high radical scavenging capacity in the ORAC assay. A systematic approach was adopted in order to explore the effect of each functional group. H-Atom transfer from the phenolic hydroxyl, a captodative effect from the hydroxy ketone, and the presumed involvement of the phenyl ring in the termination step of the radical reaction were disclosed as relevant features of this type of antioxidant.