ABSTRACT
En los últimos años la utilización de superficies deportivas de césped artificial se ha generalizado, especialmente en el ámbito del fútbol. La mejora en la calidad, la alta rentabilidad y las garantías de seguridad asociadas a los nuevos productos han sido las causas de este aumento en la producción y del desarrollo de nuevas generaciones de césped artificial. Este artículo presenta, en base al análisis de algunos estudios que relacionan la práctica deportiva sobre superficies de césped artificial con la generación de lesiones, y a la experiencia acumulada por el IBV (Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia) durante el desarrollo de proyectos relacionados con éste tipo de superficies, los criterios normativos que regulan la calidad de un campo de césped artificial para la práctica del fútbol, así como el instrumental y la metodología empleada para su valoración (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Soccer/injuries , Biomechanical Phenomena , Wounds and Injuries/epidemiology , SoilABSTRACT
Subjective tests based on information gathered using 'discomfort questionnaires' have been used widely in ergonomics. In this study, we used a similar method to examine the discomfort associated with the footwear worn in tennis matches. A sample of 146 tennis players from a population of approximately 4000 completed the questionnaire. We performed a descriptive analysis of the study variables. The associations between discomfort and pain and between discomfort and design errors were evaluated using cross-tabulation and chi-squared tests. We found that 9% of players considered their footwear to be uncomfortable, 23% considered it to be acceptable and 68% regarded it as comfortable. Six design errors were identified and five body areas were reported as experiencing discomfort due to the footwear. Factor analysis identified four factors related to discomfort and six design errors. Subsequent correlation analysis identified several relationships among these factors. There was a strong correlation (r = 0.187, P = 0.022) between plantar discomfort and incorrect arch support.
Subject(s)
Fasciitis, Plantar/etiology , Pain/etiology , Shoes , Tennis , Adult , Biomechanical Phenomena , Chi-Square Distribution , Fasciitis, Plantar/prevention & control , Female , Humans , Male , Pain Measurement/methods , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
El presente artículo muestra un análisis detallado sobre las actuales propiedades, métodos y, criterios establecidos por la Normativa Europea (EN) y Federación Internacional de Gimnasia (ELG) para la fábricación de colchonetas de gimnasia deportiva, fundamentalmente aquellas que están dirigidas a la recepción tras la salida de aparatos. La carga de una recepción (cuya duración aproximada es de 150-200ms, despreciando la fase de equilibrio posterior tras el impacto) puede ocasionar lesiones importantes, fundamentalmente esguinces y distensiones. Así, el 54.1-70.2 por ciento de las lesiones se producen en la extremidad inferior (rodilla/tobillo), el 18.1-25 por ciento en la extremidad superior y el 0-16.75 por ciento en el tronco-columna (discos intervertebrales).Los estudios biomecánicos realizados han generado criterios respecto a; tamaño de colchonetas, rebote, fuerza máxima, deformación, comportamiento areaelástico homogéneo, pico de aceleración, deformación, capacidad de recuperación, y coeficientes de fricción, aspectos que permiten una mejor definición de la normativa. Por tanto, cabe destacar la importancia del análisis biornecánico del gesto de la recepción en la generación de criterios de diseño para las colchonetas, de tal manera que se atenúe la incidencia y gravedad de las lesiones de los gimnastas (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Biomechanical Phenomena , Gymnastics/standards , Sports Equipment/standards , Athletic Injuries/prevention & controlABSTRACT
A new methodology of biomechanical analysis of materials for shoe inserts is presented. This methodology is based on the determination of the loads applied to the materials in real situations and its simulation by means of a dynamic testing machine. Both the rigidity and the energy-absorbing characteristics of the materials are investigated as a function of frequency. This methodology is applied to the study of several commercially available viscoelastic materials intended for shoe inserts in the treatment and prevention of degenerative joint diseases. The influence of thickness is investigated as well as the frequency-dependent behavior of the materials studied. Significant differences between materials and different behavior as a function of thickness and frequency were found. Poron materials were found to have the lowest rigidity, good for adequate pressure distribution, while Noene showed the highest energy absorption. A careful selection of the thickness of Sorbothane was found to be necessary for avoiding flattening of the material.
Subject(s)
Shoes , Walking/physiology , Adult , Biomechanical Phenomena , Equipment Design , Humans , Joint Diseases/prevention & control , Male , Tarsal JointsABSTRACT
The curves of lidocaine (LDC) plasma levels versus time were evaluated in a group of 16 patients receiving single epidural injections of 2% LDC for each metamer to be anesthesized. LDC absorption from epidural space is fairly rapid (tmax = 17 +/- 4 min and t1/2a = 6.2 +/- 1.7 min). This results in very shape peak plasma levels (2.97 +/- 0.87 micrograms/ml with 2% LDC). The remaining pharmacokinetic parameters were: Ke = 0.0057 +/- 0.0022 min-1 and Vd = 1.5 +/- 0.5 l/kg. In all patients adequate levels for operation were obtained.
