Sleep and awake bruxism in adults and its relationship with temporomandibular disorders: A systematic review from 2003 to 2014.

OBJECTIVE: In order to establish a relationship between bruxism and temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), a systematic review was performed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic research was performed based on PubMed, Cochrane Library, Medline, Embase, BIREME, Lilacs and Scielo data bases, between 2003 and 2014 including all languages. Descriptive clinical cases were identified. Two independent authors selected the articles. PICO format was used to analyse the studies and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to verify the quality of the evidence. RESULTS: Thirty-nine studies (n = 39) were analysed in this review. According to bruxism diagnosis, articles were grouped as follows: polysomnographic diagnosis (PSG) (n = 7), clinical diagnosis (n = 11) and survey/self-report (n = 21). Thirty-three articles (n = 33) established a positive relation between bruxism and TMD and six (n = 6) did not. Quality of evidence was low to moderate. In general, the most part of the studies showed shortcomings on their design with bias risk, and also had a low sensitivity on bruxism diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence based on PSG was not as conclusive as the studies that used surveys and clinical exam to diagnosis bruxism, when bruxism was related to TMD. Sleep bruxism could be associated with myofascial pain, arthralgia and joint pathology as disc displacement and joint noises. Although the evidence at present is inconclusive and does not provide information according to the type of bruxism (bruxism sleep and wakefulness), it is possible to suggest that bruxism would be associated with TMD.

Patología temporomandibular asociada a masticación unilateral en adultos jóvenes / Temporomandibular disorders and its relationship with unilateral chewing in young adults

Objetivo El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la relación entre el lado de masticación habitual y la presencia de trastornos temporomandibulares (TTM) en adultos jóvenes. Materiales y métodos Estudio analítico de casos y controles, ciego simple, en estudiantes adultos jóvenes de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Chile. La muestra consistió en 70 sujetos (22-26 años). Se utilizó el ángulo funcional masticatorio (AFM) para definir el lado de masticación habitual y el RDC/TMD para determinar el tipo de TTM y el lado con mayor prevalencia. Se aplicó el test de Chi-cuadrado y el test exacto de Fisher (IC 95%). Resultados Un total de 56 sujetos (80,0%) fueron masticadores unilaterales y 14 (20,0%) masticadores bilaterales. En 34 sujetos (48,6%) se diagnosticó patología según RDC/TMD, mientras que en 36 individuos (51,4%) no se evidenció TTM. No hubo diferencia respecto al lado de masticación y presencia de TTM (p = 0,63). Se observó una alta tendencia entre la masticación unilateral y presencia de patología articular (grupos II y III, RDC/TMD) (p = 0,06). Conclusión A pesar de observarse una alta tendencia entre masticación unilateral y patología articular, la relación entre tipo de masticación y TTM no ha podido establecerse. Si bien tampoco se encontró diferencia significativa entre lado de masticación y su coincidencia con el lado de la patología, esto podría ser por la diversidad de factores implicados en los TTM.

Objective The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the habitual chewing side and the presence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in young adults. Materials and methods An analytical case-control and simple blind study was performed on 70 young adult subjects (22-26 years) from the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Chile. The masticatory functional angle (MFA) was used to determine the habitual chewing side in all subjects, as well as applying the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) in order to determine the type of TMD and the most prevalent side. Data were analysed using Chi squared test and Fisher's exact test (95% CI). Results A total of 56 subjects (80.0%) were unilateral chewers and 14 (20.0%) were bilateral chewers. A diagnosis of TMD was made in 34 (48.6%) subjects according to RDC/TMD, while 36 individuals (51.4%) showed no evidence of any disorder. There were no differences between unilateral chewing and the presence of TMD (p=0.63). There was a high trend between unilateral chewing and presence of joint disease (groups II and III, RDC/TMD) (p=0.06). Conclusion Despite a high trend between unilateral chewing and joint disease observed, the relationship between the type of chewing and TMD has not been established. No relationship was found between the chewing side and its coincidence with the disease side. This could be because of the different factors involved in TMD.

Evaluation of molecular and immunological techniques for the diagnosis of mammary aspergillosis in ewes.

Three techniques for the diagnosis of mammary aspergillosis in ewes were compared: indirect ELISA to detect the level of anti-Aspergillus IgG in serum, determination of galactomannan (Platelia procedure), and detection of DNA of Aspergillus in serum by a nested PCR. Twenty sera from proven cases of aspergillosis in ewes were positive using ELISA (100%), 80% were positive using PCR, but only 55% were positive using Platelia. All 20 control sera were negative using ELISA and PCR, whereas using Platelia methodology one was positive and the other doubtful. The detection of antibody by ELISA in sera is therefore a reliable criterion for the diagnosis of mammary aspergillosis in ewes. Platelia showed the same deficiencies reported in humans, with the appearance of false positives and negatives. The use of PCR was promising and might have valuable application in human medicine.

Evaluation of two PCR methodologies for the detection of Aspergillus DNA.

We investigated the application of two different nested PCR methodologies for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis, by studying the possible cross-reactions among different fungal species and genera. The sensitivity obtained using both techniques can be considered adequate, although we obtained amplified products from fungal genera other than Aspergillus, showing the presence of cross-reactions with fungal DNA.

Testing the limits of biological tolerance to arsenic in a fungus isolated from the River Tinto.

The Tinto river in Spain, with its high acidity and heavy metal concentrations (As, Cu, Cr, Zn), is an example of an environment hostile to life. Yet despite these extreme conditions, the site possesses a great diversity of eukaryotic life forms. We report the isolation of a filamentous fungus able to grow at 200 mM arsenic ( approximately 15 000 p.p.m.), i.e. a concentration 20-fold above that withstood by the reference microorganisms Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus nidulans, and 200 times greater than that tolerated by Aspergillus niger. Based on morphological, physiological and genotypic criteria, the strain belongs to the genus Aspergillus. High concentrations of the metalloid induced vacuolation, suggesting that this organelle is someway connected to arsenic tolerance. Concentrations that are lethal to other organisms do not stress Aspergillus sp. P37. The fungus was capable of removing arsenic from culture media. In addition to arsenic hyper-resistance, it also displayed a polyresistant phenotype to copper and chromium.

[Canine onychomycosis produced by Microsporum gypseum. A case report]. / Onicomicosis canina producida por Microsporum gypseum. A propósito de un caso.

One case of severe canine onychomycosis is described. The aetiological agent was identified as Microsporum gypseum. The incidence of this fungus in this kind of pathology is discussed, with special attention to the successful treatment with topic enilconazole and systemic griseofulvin.

Identifying faking bad on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent with Mexican adolescents.

This study examined the extent to which the validity scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent identified Mexican adolescents who were instructed to fake bad. Validity scales data were used to differentiate between nonclinical adolescents instructed to fake bad and both clinical and nonclinical adolescents who received standard instructions. Participants were 59 male and 87 female Mexican high school students and 59 male and 87 female Mexican adolescents from clinical settings. This is the first study onfaking with adolescents in Mexico. The F, Fl, and F2 Scales and the F-K index discriminated adequately between the three different groups. Results were similar to those previously reportedfor adults and adolescents in Mexico and the United States. High positive and negative predictive powers and overall hit rates were obtained in this study. Higher cut scores were needed to discriminate between the groups of girls than between the groups of boys.

Los sucesos de vida en dos grupos de adolescentes de diferente nivel socioeconómico / Life-events in two adolescent groups of different socio-economical level

El estrés y la adolescencia son de los objetos de estudio que individualmente han despertado mayor interés en la investigación clínica, sin embargo, son pocos los que investiguan la influencia del primero sobre la segunda, sobre todo en nuestro país; por lo que el objetivo del presente estudio es identificar los diferentes sucesos que producen estrés en una muestra de adolescentes mexicanos, en relación con el sexo, la edad y el nivel socioeconó-mico. Adicionalmente, se determinaron las diferencias en la evaluación cognoscitiva que los adolescentes hicieron de los sucesos, por sexo, edad y nivel socioeconómico. Para lograr dicho objetivo se utilizó el Cuestionario Sociodemográfico y de Sucesos de Vida en sus dos versiones, el cual se aplicó a una muestra de 1 071 adolescentes mexicanos (547 mujeres y 524 hombres), pertenecientes a dos niveles socioeconómicos diferentes (alto, 275 mujeres y 262 hombres; y bajo, 272 mujeres y 262 hombres) con edades entre 13 y 18 años (media= 15.52), que conformaron tres subgrupos distintos: 13-14, 15-16 y 17-18 años.Los datos fueron analizados mediante las pruebas estadísticas ANOVA y t de Student. Los resultados indicaron que los hombres reportaron haber experimentado más sucesos estresantes. En cuanto al nivel socioeconómico, el nivel bajo reportó más sucesos estresantes en comparación con el nivel alto; finalmente, el grupo de edad de 17 a 18 años fue el que afirmó haber estado expuesto con más frecuencia a sucesos estresantes. Entre los diversos grupos de mujeres no se observaron diferencias significativas en cuanto a la ocurrencia de sucesos.Por otro lado, al analizar la evaluación cognoscitiva que los adolescentes hacen de los sucesos, se encontró que los hombres de 17-18 años de edad de nivel socioeconómico bajo evaluaron con mayor frecuencia los sucesos estresantes como indiferentes, positivos y negativos. En la evaluación negativa fue en donde se encontraron mayores diferencias entre el grupo de hombres de 17 a 18 años y los demás grupos de edad. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los diversos grupos de mujeres con respecto a la evaluación cognoscitiva.Los resultados de este estudio coinciden con otras investigaciones llevadas a cabo en otros países, que indican que a medida que aumenta la edad, también aumenta la exposición a sucesos estresantes.