Post-Anaesthetic Herpetic Lesion following Extraction - A Case Report.

Rationale: In Indian subcontinent, every adult may have suffered from chicken pox during their early childhood and harbour the virus, which eventually becomes inactive over years. These latent organisms can undergo sudden activation when triggered by injection of local anaesthesia in the oral cavity. Probably, some symptoms develop along the distribution of the nerve. Patient Concerns: Here, we present a case report of a 55-year-old male patient who reported to us with post-anaesthetic herpetic lesion involving the face unilaterally and also a lesion present in the intraoral cavity not crossing the midline. Diagnosis: The patient was diagnosed as post-anaesthetic herpetic lesion. Treatment: Symptomatic medical management was given. Outcomes: On two month follow-up, the lesion was completely resolved and replaced by healthy tissue. Take-Away Lesson: Medical history should also include a question about past experience with chicken pox before proceeding with extraction.

Application of Anatomically Designed 2-Dimensional V Plate in Management of Mandible Fracture: A Pilot Study.

Background: Mandible is the only mobile facial jaw bone and it aides in various functions such as phonation and mastication. Therefore, management of mandible fracture becomes inevitable due to its functional and anatomical importance. Fracture fixation methods and techniques have steadily evolved with various osteosynthesis systems. In this article, we discuss the management of mandible fracture using a newly designed two-dimensional (2D) hybrid V-shaped plate. Purpose: In this paper, we have evaluated the efficacy of the newly developed 2D V-shaped locking plate in the management of mandibular fractures. Method: We have assessed 12 cases of different mandibular fractures ranging from symphysis, parasymphysis, angle and subcondylar region. Treatment outcome was assessed both clinically and radiologically at regular intervals with various intraoperative and postoperative parameters. Result: Results of this study suggest that fixation of mandible fracture with the 2D hybrid V-shaped plate facilitates anatomic reduction and functional stability and carries a low morbidity and infection rate. Conclusion: The 2D anatomic hybrid V-shaped plate can be a suitable alternative to conventional miniplate and 3D plates as it offers satisfactory anatomic reduction and functional stability. Positioning the plate in relation to the mental nerve and plate adaptation along the angle region are much easier.

Genome-wide analysis of Excretory/Secretory proteins in Trypanosoma brucei brucei: Insights into functional characteristics and identification of potential targets by immunoinformatics approach.

Trypanosoma brucei brucei (T.b.brucei) is an extra-cellular parasite that causes Animal African Trypanosomiasis (AAT) disease in animals. Till day, this disease is more difficult to treat and control due to lack of efficient vaccines and early diagnosis of the parasite infection. T.b.brucei Excretory/Secretory (ES) proteins were involved in pathogenesis and key for understanding the host-parasite interactions. Functions of T.b.brucei's ES proteins were poorly investigated and experimental identification is expensive and time-consuming. Bioinformatics approaches are cost-effective by facilitating the experimental analysis of potential drug targets for parasitic diseases. Here we applied several bioinformatics tools to predict and functionalize the annotation of 1104 ES proteins and immunoinformatics approaches carried out to predict and evaluate the epitopes in T.b.brucei. Secretory information, functional annotations and potential epitopes of each ES proteins were available at http://tbb.insilico.in. This study provides functional information of T.b.brucei for experimental studies to identify potential targets for diagnosis and therapeutics development.

In Silico Drug Design of Thiolactomycin Derivatives Against Mtb-KasA Enzyme to Inhibit Multidrug Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading infectious disease which kills a huge number of people every year over a decade, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The conventional drugs in the market are no longer effective due to the increasing mycobacterial resistance to antibiotics. Hence, the need of finding efficient drugs to solve this multiple drug resistant factor is becoming an immediate issue. The first-line drugs in current practice for the treatment of TB emphasize on mycolic acid, which protects the bacteria from an immune response generated by the host. A key enzyme involved in this mycolic acid biosynthesis, M. tuberculosis beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase A (MTB-KasA) is a prime candidate in this study. Thiolactomycin is a natural product inhibitor has shown good inhibitory activity against MTB-KasA. Hence, several thiolactomycin derivatives collected from the literature were taken for absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity prediction, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies with MTB-KasA. The in silico drug designing methods used in this study suggests that the thiolactomycin derivatives are having a better binding activity against MTB-KasA and among them the ligand C14 is identified as a promising lead molecule to inhibit multidrug resistance of tuberculosis by showing a long time binding activity.

Comparison of Extended Nasolabial Flap Versus Buccal Fat Pad Graft in the Surgical Management of Oral Submucous Fibrosis: A Prospective Pilot Study.

AIM: To evaluate the application of extended nasolabial flap versus buccal fat pad graft in the surgical management of oral submucous fibrosis. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This prospective study was carried out in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tamil Nadu Government Dental College and Hospital, Chennai. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 8 patients (6 men and 2 women) with age range from 21 to 65 years were selected for study. These 8 patients were randomly divided into two groups of four namely group 1 and group 2. In group 1 patients, reconstruction was planned with extended nasolabial flaps and in group 2 patients, reconstruction was planned with buccal fat pad graft respectively. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Paired t test, Independent sample t test, ANOVA test. RESULTS: The mean preoperative mouth opening in group 1 was 8.5 mm and in group 2 was 11.75 mm. The mean increase in group 1 after one year of postoperative period was 21.50 mm and in group 2 was 24.75 mm. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, buccal fat pad graft proved to give better results as the interposition material as it has good patient acceptance, rapid epithelization, minimal donor site morbidity and minimal intra and postoperative complications.

Computational Screening of CCR5 Inhibitors as Potential Entry Inhibitor Microbicides Using 3D-QSAR Studies, Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation.

BACKGROUND: The chemokine receptor CCR5 acts as a co-receptor for HIV binding and it is considered as an important target by CCR5 antagonists. Entry inhibitor based microbicides gain much importance nowadays as these drugs act at an early stage of HIV lifecycle and thus hinder the viral replication process in humans. The present study intends to identify a CCR5 antagonist which could be developed as a microbicide using computational approaches. METHODS: The pharmacophore modeling and 3D QSAR studies was used to screen CCR5 antagonists with enhanced antagonist activity. The docking studies ranked the compounds according to their binding affinity and molecular dynamics simulation validated the stability of the enzymeligand complex. RESULTS: A five point pharmacophore hypothesis HHPRR (2 hydrophobic; 1 positively ionisable; 2 aromatic ring) was generated. A statistically significant 3D QSAR model with 3 PLS factors was gen- erated for common pharmacophore hypothesis HHPRR.3 with good correlation coefficient value (R2=0.7483). The docking studies revealed that molecular interaction of CCR5 antagonists having good binding affinity are better than the microbicides taken for this study. The QSAR maps revealed the regions as a combined effect of hydrogen bond donors, hydrogen bond acceptors and hydrophobic groups which denoted the substitution of groups indicating the favorable and unfavorable regions for antagonist activity of hydroxypiperidine derivatives. The docking analysis and molecular dynamics simulation screened and validated CCR5 antagonists. CONCLUSION: The present study was successful in identifying a CCR5 antagonist which could be developed as a microbicide.

A neural network approach for image reconstruction in electron magnetic resonance tomography.

An object-oriented, artificial neural network (ANN) based, application system for reconstruction of two-dimensional spatial images in electron magnetic resonance (EMR) tomography is presented. The standard back propagation algorithm is utilized to train a three-layer sigmoidal feed-forward, supervised, ANN to perform the image reconstruction. The network learns the relationship between the 'ideal' images that are reconstructed using filtered back projection (FBP) technique and the corresponding projection data (sinograms). The input layer of the network is provided with a training set that contains projection data from various phantoms as well as in vivo objects, acquired from an EMR imager. Twenty five different network configurations are investigated to test the ability of the generalization of the network. The trained ANN then reconstructs two-dimensional temporal spatial images that present the distribution of free radicals in biological systems. Image reconstruction by the trained neural network shows better time complexity than the conventional iterative reconstruction algorithms such as multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique (MART). The network is further explored for image reconstruction from 'noisy' EMR data and the results show better performance than the FBP method. The network is also tested for its ability to reconstruct from limited-angle EMR data set.

Integration of color and boundary information for improved region of interest identification in electron magnetic resonance images.

A Windows-based, object-oriented application system for segmentation and analysis of electron magnetic resonance (EMR) images is described. The integrated system is developed for better recognition of regions of interest (ROI) in murine EMR images. The system combines the clustering method of color segmentation with boundary detection, for efficient segmentation of regions of interest in EMR images. Initially, the red/green/blue (RGB) color space is converted into spherical coordinates transform (SCT) space. Color quantization is then achieved by center split algorithm applied on the color dimensions of the SCT space. Subsequently, Laplacian boundary detection operator is used to extract the contours of the ROI from the variegated coloring information. The system is implemented in Visual C++ and tested on temporal EMR color images of mouse. The system performs well giving perceptually reasonable segmentation of tumor, kidney and bladder of the mouse image. Experimental results with extensive set of EMR color images demonstrate the efficacy of the system developed.