Clinical efficacy of a new cetylpyridinium chloride-hyaluronic acid-based mouthrinse compared to chlorhexidine and placebo mouthrinses-A 21-day randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of a novel cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)-hyaluronic acid (HA)-based mouthrinse with chlorhexidine (CHX) and placebo mouthrinses in preventing plaque and gingivitis. The secondary outcomes were calculus, extrinsic stains, oral malodour and occurrence of adverse events. METHODS: A 21-day randomized, double-blind, three-arm parallel study with random allocation of young dental students to any of the three mouthrinse groups. Thorough prophylaxis was done at baseline followed by a baseline examination for oral malodour, extrinsic stains, calculus, gingivitis and plaque by a single examiner. All the subjects used the allocated mouthrinse twice daily for 21 days and were examined again at the end of the experimental period. They were also interviewed for adverse events. Change in the scores of clinical indices was calculated and compared between the groups. RESULTS: A total of 75 subjects were included and completed the experiment. There was a significant difference for change in plaque index scores between the groups (P = .015); subjects in the placebo group experienced higher levels of plaque accumulation than the other groups. Teeth staining increased in the CHX (P < .001) and placebo groups (P = .002), but not in CPC-HA users (P = .573). No significant differences were found between the three experimental groups for change in the gingival index (P = .08), calculus scores (P = .494), oral malodour (P = .870) and reporting of adverse events (P = .249). CONCLUSIONS: CPC-HA and CHX had similar effectiveness in preventing plaque accumulation, while no differences were observed between the mouthrinses for preventing gingivitis. Dental staining was caused by CHX and the placebo mouthrinses but not by CPC-HA mouthrinse.

Stress and professional burnout among newly graduated dentists.

BACKGROUND: Dentists encounter numerous professional stressful situations, beginning from education to day-to-day practice. The resulting stress tends to have a negative impact on their personal as well as professional lives. OBJECTIVES: To measure daily burnout, and to investigate the extent of expectations from dental career and the feeling of being unqualified new dental practitioner. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A close-ended questionnaire, i.e., "the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory," was utilized for evaluation. A total of 121 dentists with an experience ranging between 6 months and 5 years were included. The period was considered initiating from graduation to dental practicing in urban or rural areas. Ninety-seven dentists replied with filled questionnaires (80.16%). The multivariant analysis was done using SPSS 11.0 ver. (Chicago, USA). RESULTS: Using measures analysis, the mean scores for dentists on the basis of age and sex (n = 97) were calculated. The factors most commonly considered responsible for professional burnout were emotional exhaustion (39.27%), frustrations (47.83%), feeling worn out at the end of the day (35.05%), feeling worn out at the end of the working day (46.80%), exhaustion in the morning at the thought of another day at work (35.05%), feeling that every working hour is tiring (46.80%), less energy and less time for family and friends (47.83%). The most common cause for stress was professional burnout that was recorded commonly in females in the age range of 26-28 years. CONCLUSIONS: Dentists are more prone for professional burnout, anxiety, and depression. The main reason for this is the nature of their practice and their personality traits, especially while pursuing dentistry as a carrier. Stress may lead to negative impact on dentists' personal as well as professional lives.

The Mouthwash War - Chlorhexidine vs. Herbal Mouth Rinses: A Meta-Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Mouthwashes are often prescribed in dentistry for prevention and treatment of several oral conditions. In the recent times the use of naturally occurring products what is otherwise known as grandmothers remedy are used on a large scale. This has now called for a newer age of mouth washes but is the new age mouth washes at par with the gold standard or even better than them this study investigates. AIM: The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of two broad categories of mouth washes namely chlorhexidine and herbal mouth washes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eleven randomized control studies were pooled in for the meta-analysis. The search was done from the Pub Med Central listed studies with the use keywords with Boolean operators (chlorhexidine, herbal, mouth wash, randomized control trials). The fixed effects model was used for analysis. RESULTS: This meta-analysis brings to light, the fact that a wide range of newer herbal products are now available. As with a plethora of herbal mouthwashes available it is the need of the hour to validate their potential use and recommendation. This study found that only two studies favor the use of herbal products and four studies favor the use of chlorhexidine, of the 11 studies that were analyzed. CONCLUSION: More studies are required under well controlled circumstances to prove that herbal products can equate or replace the 'gold standard' chlorhexidine. Herbal products are heterogeneous in nature, their use should be advised only with more scientific proof.

Dental Caries and its Socio-Behavioral Predictors- An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study.

OBJECTIVES: To assess dental caries status and oral health related behavior of 12 year old school children in relation to urbanization and gender; to analyze the effect of socio-demographic and behavioral variables on dental caries experience. STUDY DESIGN: Study sample comprised 831, 12 year old school children in, India. Caries status was assessed by Decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) index and a 16 item closed ended questionnaire was administered to children for assessing their oral health related knowledge, beliefs and behavior. RESULTS: Mean caries experience and prevalence was 1.94 and 64.9% respectively. Decay was the dominant component of DMFT. Greater proportion of female and urban children presented better oral health knowledge, beliefs and practices. Boys were more liable (OR=1.2, 95% CI=1.10-1.96) for having caries than girls. Children living in rural areas and whose parents were not professionals or semiprofessionals were more likely to experience caries. Children whose mothers were unskilled or house wives were more than twice likely to present caries (OR=2.14, 95% CI-2.03-2.45) than those children whose mothers were skilled or semi-skilled. Children of illiterate fathers and mothers were 1.09 (95% CI, 1.02-1.49) and 1.98 (95% CI, 1.13-1.99) times more likely to have dental caries than those children whose parents had greater than 10 years of education. Children, those who cleaned their teeth less than once a day presented an odds ratio of 1.36 (CI-1.17-1.86) also higher odds of dental caries was observed in children consuming sweets or soft drinks more than once a day. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence and severity of dental caries was low among urban children and girls than their rural and boy counterparts. In general, oral health knowledge, beliefs and practices were low, predominantly in rural and male children. Caries experience was significantly associated with gender, location of residence, brushing frequency, frequency of consumption of soft drinks and sweets, parents' occupation and education.

Is Alcohol an independent risk factor for Oro-Pharyngeal and Pulmonary Carcinogenesis - An Acetaldehyde concentrations based Double Blinded Randomized Control Trial.

BACKGROUND: There is increasing evidence that a major part of the tumour-promoting action of alcohol is mediated via its first, toxic and carcinogenic metabolite acetaldehyde. MATERIALS & METHODS: The double blinded randomized control trial was designed for 82 male volunteers aged 20-29 years. Exclusion criteria were individual under antibiotic therapy, smokers, mutant Aldehyde Dehydrogenase deficient subject or any other systemic disease. Subjects were randomized in experimental (alcohol + soft drink) and control group (soft drink) from each pair of equal body weighted volunteers. The amount of alcohol consumed was calculated to be equivalent to 0.7 g alcohol/kilogram of body weight. Samples of breath for Acetaldehyde concentration (AC) were captured with the aid of a highly reproducible fuel cell gas-sampling device (PST-M1; Lions Laboratories, Cardiff, Wales). In Statistical analysis, mean AC was compared among both groups at different interval using paired t-test and Analysis of variance. RESULTS: Mean acetaldehyde level was recorded higher ([Formula: see text]) among interventional group which can be produced from ethanol during metabolism or by oro-pharyngeal microbes. After 15 minutes of drink, the AC was [Formula: see text] in ethanol group compared to [Formula: see text] in soft-drink group. There was significant increase in AC after 1 hour ([Formula: see text]) which was [Formula: see text] in ethanol group compared to [Formula: see text] in soft-drink group. CONCLUSION: Although acetaldehyde is metabolite of alcohol, its organ specific production with risk for oro-pharyngeal and pulmonary carcinogenesis makes alcohol an independent risk factor of carcinogenesis. How to cite this article: Dagli RJ, Kulkarni S, Duraiswamy P, Dagli NR, Khara NV, Khara BN. Is Alcohol an independent risk factor for Oro-Pharyngeal and Pulmonary Carcinogenesis - An Acetaldehyde concentrations based Double Blinded Randomized Control Trial. J Int Oral Health 2013; 5(4):62-67.

Factors influencing caries status and treatment needs among pregnant women attending a maternity hospital in Udaipur city, India.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence and severity of dental caries along with the treatment needs; to determine the factors that influence dental caries status among pregnant women attending a district maternity hospital in Udaipur, India. STUDY DESIGN: Study sample comprised of 206 pregnant women attending a district maternity hospital in Udaipur, India. Clinical data were collected on dental caries by DMFT and treatment needs as described in World Health Organization Dentition status and Treatment needs. RESULTS: The overall caries prevalence was 87%. Mean caries experience differed significantly among women in various trimesters, it was found to be 3.59 and 3.00 in 1st and 2nd trimester subjects respectively while it was greatest (4.13) among those in 3rd trimester. One surface filling was the most predominant treatment need. Age and occupation of husband explained a variance of 6.8% and 4.2% for decayed and filled components respectively while the only predictor for missing teeth and DMFT that explained a variance of 9.6% and 5.7% respectively was trimester of pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Dental caries experience and the need for one surface restoration increased with age. Trimester of pregnancy was a significant predictor for missing teeth and DMFT, while decayed teeth and filled teeth were influenced by age and socio-economic level respectively. Key words:Dental caries, treatment needs, pregnant, age, trimester.

Oral health knowledge, attitudes and behavior of elementary school teachers in India / Conhecimento, atitudes e comportamento de professores do ensino primário da Índia sobre saúde oral

Objective: This study assessed the oral hygiene attitudes and behavior of elementary school teachers, and determined the influence of variables likelanguage used in class and gender on oral health knowledge, attitudes and behavior. Methods: A stratified random sampling was done to collect a representative sample of teachers fromthe Udaipur district. The total sample encompassed 126 teachers who teach in Hindi, India?s official language along with English, and 104 teachers who teach in English. Of the 230 filled out questionnaires, 12 (5.2%) were rejected either because the answers were inconsistent, such as two replies to the same question, or because the answer was blank. Results: Teachers who taught in English were more likely to brush their teeth twice daily(77.6%) than those who taught in Hindi (63.3%). All teachers who taught in English used tooth paste while only 71.7% of those who taught in Hindi did. Most females (53.1%) used a soft brush to brush their teeth and were more likely (84.4%) to brush twice daily than males. The brushing frequency differed significantly between genders. All female teachers stated that regular tooth brushing prevents tooth decay. Conclusion: Most school teachers presented acceptable knowledge, attitudes and behavior. Teachers should be made aware of their responsibility as rolemodels, and school staff should be given incentives to encourage their participation.

Objetivo: Este estudo avaliou as atitudes e comportamento dos professores do ensino primário com relação à higiene oral e determinou a influência de variáveis, como o idioma usado na sala de aula e o sexo, sobre o conhecimento, atitudes e comportamento com relação à saúde oral. Métodos: Uma amostragem aleatória estratificada foi realizada para a coleta de dados de uma amostra representativa de professores do distrito de Udaipur na Índia. A amostra completa consistiu de 126 professores que ensinam em hindi, um dos idiomas oficiais da Índia junto com o inglês, e 104 professores que ensinam em inglês. Dos 230 questionários preenchidos, 12 (5,2%) foram rejeitados porque havia respostas inconsistentes, por exemplo, duas respostas para a mesma pergunta, ou respostas em branco. Resultados: Professores que ensinavam em inglês (77,6%) eram mais propensos a escovar os dentes duas vezes ao dia que professores que ensinavam em hindi (63,3%). Todos os professores que ensinavam em inglês usavam creme dental enquanto que apenas 71,7% dos que ensinavam em hindi o fazia. A maioria das mulheres (53,1%) usava uma escova macia para escovar os dentes, e as mulheres eram mais propensas (84,4%) que os homens a escovar duas vezes ao dia. A frequência de escovação entre homens e mulheres diferiu significativamente. Todas as mulheres afirmaram que escovação regular previne a cárie dentária. Conclusão: A maioria dos professores apresentou conhecimento, atitudes e comportamento aceitáveis com relação à saúde oral. Os professores devem estar cientes de sua responsabilidade como exemplo para os alunos e os funcionários da escola deveriam receber incentivos para estimular sua participação.

Effect of smoking on oral pigmentation and its relationship with periodontal status.

BACKGROUND: To assess the effect of smoking on lip and gingival pigmentation and also to assess the relationship of pigmentation with periodontal parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 109 smokers and an equal number of control subjects who were nonsmokers in the age range of 35 - 44 years comprised the study sample. All the participants were assessed for pigmentation on lip and gingiva and a total periodontal status examination was done with measurements on gingival bleeding, probing depth and loss of attachment at six points in each tooth. RESULTS: Melanin pigmentation on lips and gingiva was observed in all the smokers except for one who did not exhibit gingival pigmentation. Significantly greater number of smokers exhibited pigmentation than nonsmokers. Gingival bleeding on probing, probing depth and loss of attachment differed significantly in relation to gingival and lip pigmentation. CONCLUSIONS: Oral pigmentation was widespread and more commonly observed in smokers than nonsmokers and there was a relationship between pigmentation and periodontal deterioration.

Dental caries in relation to socio-behavioral factors of 6-year-old school children of Udaipur district, India.

BACKGROUND: Based on the previous national oral health survey in India, some variation was observed in oral health status and behavior between the urban and rural population. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the dental caries experience in deciduous dentition of 6-year-old urban and rural schoolchildren of Udaipur district and to evaluate the influence of socio behavioral characteristics on dental caries experience. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A combination of multi stage and cluster sampling procedure was executed to collect a representative sample of 875, 6-year-old school children. Clinical examination for caries was conducted using dmft (decayed, missing and filled teeth) index. Socio - demographic information was collected prior to clinical examination in addition to information on oral health behavior by personal interviews. RESULTS: Only 7.8% children reported of brushing their teeth twice or more than twice daily. Rural children visited the dentist less often than the urban children (P < 0.05). Greater proportion of boys (62.2%) experienced caries than girls (55.1%), decayed component constituted a major contribution for dmft. Multivariate analysis demonstrated the influence of gender, urbanization, tooth brushing frequency, dental visits, parent's education and occupation on caries occurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Rural children and boys experienced greater caries than their urban and girl counterparts. Caries experience was related to the parent's occupation and education. Moreover, caries occurrence was influenced by brushing frequency and dental visiting habits.

Influence of lifestyle on oral health behavior among rural residents of Udaipur district, India

Objectives: To determine the relation of life style with dental health behavior such as tooth brushing frequency,use of extra cleansing devices and regular visits to dentist among rural residents of Udaipur district, India.Study design: The study population comprised of 1001 rural population between the ages 18 to 69 years selectedby multi stage stratified cluster sampling procedure. Personal interviews were conducted by three trained interviewerswho collected information on socio-demographic and lifestyle factors in addition to some aspects of dentalhealth behavior including tooth brushing frequency, use of extra cleaning devices like dental floss and regularvisits to dentist.Results: Majority of the population (63.3%) brushed their teeth once a day and only a few subjects (19.8%) brushedtwice a day whereas 8.6 % never brushed their teeth. Logistic regression analysis revealed that females were moreapt in every aspect of dental health behavior. House wives were more regular in brushing their teeth (OR=1.51)and using extra cleansing devices as compared to other occupation groups. Subjects who suffered from systemicdisease showed negative association with use of extra cleansing devices but showed positive association withregular visits to dentist.Conclusions: The results indicate that dental health behavior is related with life style factors as well as sociodemographicvariables (AU)

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Epidemiology of periodontal status in dentate male adults of Jalore, Rajasthan, India: a cross sectional study / Epidemiologia do estado periodontal em homens adultos dentados de Jalore, Rajastão, Índia: um estudo transversal

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of periodontal status among dentate male adults in the general population of Jalore, Rajasthan using the Community Periodontal Index. METHODS: The condition of the periodontium was assessed by the Community Periodontal Index with use of the Community Periodontal Index probe. A total of 648 male subjects belonging to five age groups, namely 12, 15, 18, 35-44 and 65-74, were selected by stratified cluster sampling technique and examined. RESULTS: The proportion of total subjects with healthy periodontium was 9.7 percent and the mean number of healthy sextants was 1.7. Bleeding on slight provocation was the most commonly observed condition in all age groups, comprising 38.8 percent of the total subjects. The results showed that the proportions of subjects who reported bleeding, calculus and periodontal pockets decreased steadily with age and a high statistically significant difference was observed among various age groups (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the study population has more widespread and severe periodontal destruction than other populations. Hence, to maintain periodontal health in this population, appropriate preventive and periodic periodontal therapies should be provided.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a epidemiologia do estado periodontal em homens adultos dentados na população geral de Jalore, Rajastão, utilizando o Índice Periodontal Comunitário. MÉTODOS: A condição do periodonto foi avaliada pela sonda Índice Periodontal Comunitário. Um total de 648 homens pertencentes a cinco faixas etárias, 12, 15, 18, 35-44 e 65-74, foram selecionados pela técnica de amostragem estratificada por conglomerados e examinados. RESULTADOS: A proporção de sujeitos com um periodonto saudável foi de 9,7 por cento e o número médio de sextantes saudáveis foi 1.7. Sangramento resultante de pouca provocação foi a condição observada mais comum em todas as faixas etárias, atingindo 38.8 por cento da amostra. Os resultados mostraram que as proporções de indivíduos com queixas de sangramento, cálculo e bolsas periodontais diminuíram de forma constante com a idade e houve diferença significativa entre as várias faixas etárias (p<0.001). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados indicam que a população estudada apresenta uma destruição periodontal mais generalizada e grave que outras populações. Assim, para manter a saúde periodontal desta população, terapias periodontais preventivas adequadas e periódicas devem ser fornecidas.

Influence of lifestyle on oral health behavior among rural residents of Udaipur district, India.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the relation of life style with dental health behavior such as tooth brushing frequency, use of extra cleansing devices and regular visits to dentist among rural residents of Udaipur district, India. STUDY DESIGN: The study population comprised of 1001 rural population between the ages 18 to 69 years selected by multi stage stratified cluster sampling procedure. Personal interviews were conducted by three trained interviewers who collected information on socio-demographic and lifestyle factors in addition to some aspects of dental health behavior including tooth brushing frequency, use of extra cleaning devices like dental floss and regular visits to dentist. RESULTS: Majority of the population (63.3%) brushed their teeth once a day and only a few subjects (19.8%) brushed twice a day whereas 8.6 % never brushed their teeth. Logistic regression analysis revealed that females were more apt in every aspect of dental health behavior. House wives were more regular in brushing their teeth (OR=1.51) and using extra cleansing devices as compared to other occupation groups. Subjects who suffered from systemic disease showed negative association with use of extra cleansing devices but showed positive association with regular visits to dentist. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that dental health behavior is related with life style factors as well as socio-demographic variables.

Oral health attitudes and behaviour as predisposing factor for dental caries experience among health professional and other professional college students of India.

PURPOSE: The objective of the present study was to determine if there existed any difference between the attitudes and behaviour apart from dental caries status among health professional and other professional college students and to investigate the association of oral health attitudes and behaviour with dental caries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Hiroshima University-Dental Behaviour Inventory (HU-DBI) questionnaire was used to survey 1824 young student population of Udaipur, India. Dental caries status was evaluated using the World Health Organization caries diagnostic criteria for decayed, missing and filled teeth and surfaces (DMFT and DMFS, respectively). RESULTS: There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between the health professional and other professional college students for various components of DMFT and DMFS. Moreover, health professional students reported significantly higher HU-DBI scores (better oral health attitudes and behaviour) than their comparative group. Untreated dental caries played a major contribution to the total DMFT scores in both the groups, with 0.23 and 0.28 mean decayed teeth reported among health professional and other professional students, respectively. Decayed and missing teeth components exhibited a significant negative correlation with HU-DBI scores, whereas a positive correlation existed with the filled teeth component. CONCLUSIONS: A difference existed between the health professional and other professional students with regard to caries experience, oral health attitudes and behaviour. DMF indices and their components were related to most of the oral health attitudes and behaviours. Decayed and missing teeth components were negatively related while filled component was positively related to HU-DBI score.

Perceptions of dental students towards learning environment in an Indian scenario.

BACKGROUND: Dental students constitute a stakeholder group that is able to provide unique information concerning the effectiveness of the dental curriculum. The purpose of this study was to determine students' perceptions of the learning environment, intellectual climate and teacher student relationships in dental school. METHODS: This study was conducted among 341 dental students of two dental college of Udaipur, Rajasthan, India. Response rate was 85%. In this study, the dental version of Medical Student Learning Environment Survey has been used. The questionnaires were divided in to 7 subscales like flexibility, student to student interaction, emotional climate, meaningful experience, organization, supportiveness, and breadth of interest. The students were divided in to two groups of preclinical and clinical for the purpose of comparison. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and t-test. RESULTS: The results were statistically analyzed and differentiated in to preclinical and clinical phases. The preclinical and clinical students rated the student to student interaction as the most favorable whereas the lowest score was given to flexibility by both preclinical and clinical students. Preclinical students rated emotional climate as the lowest after flexibility whereas clinical students rated breadth of interest and meaningful experience as the lowest score after flexibility. CONCLUSION: This study emphasized the areas of improvement in dental school learning environment based on students' perspective by making these required and much needed changes in the curriculum. Students' satisfaction with their dental education can be increased.

Internet usage among undergraduate dental students in India / Uso da internet entre alunos de odontologia na India

Purpose: To assess the internet usage among dental students at a private dental institution in India.Methods: Internet usage was assessed among the first- to senior-year undergraduate dental students at the Darshan Dental College and Hospital, Udaipur, India. The study was conducted during the beginning of the academic year 2007-2008. Data were collected by using a questionnaire, which consisted of nine multiple choice questions. The chi-square test was used to compare the responses between male and female students and to analyze the difference among year classes. Results: The total sample size was 247, and the overall response rate was 66%. Only 5.7% and 4.1% of the students used the internet daily for general and dental purposes, respectively. More than half the subjects (55.5%) never used the internet for academic purposes in comparison to 9.3% for general use. Nearly half of the subjects preferred home for internet access; only 7.9% accessed the internet at school. About 60% of the subjects used search engines to access dental subjects, and the students from clinical years used the search engines for dental education more often than the preclinical students (78% versus 41.2%, P=0.001).Conclusion: Dental students at this private dental institution in India reported lower levels of internet use than students in other countries, which may be due to limited access and availability at the present institution.

Objetivo: Este trabalho avaliou o uso de Internet entre estudantes de Odontologia em uma instituição privada na India. Metodologia: O uso de Internet foi analisado entre 247 alunos do primeiro ao último ano do curso de Odontologia de Darshan Dental College and Hospital, Udaipur, na India. O estudo foi realizado no início do ano acadêmico de 2007-2008. Os dados foram coletados através de um questionário com nove perguntas de múltipla escolha. O teste qui-quadrado foi utilizado para comparar as respostas entre os sexos masculino e feminino e para analisar as diferenças entre os alunos de classes diferentes. Resultados: O tamanho da amostra foi de 247 sujeitos, com uma taxa de resposta total de 66%. Somente 5.7% e 4.1% dos estudantes utilizavam diariamente a Internet para pesquisa com finalidades gerais e odontológicas, respectivamente. Mais da metade dos alunos (55.5%) nunca usou a Internet para finalidades acadêmicas em comparação com 9.3% das respostas para uso geral. Quase a metade dos alunos preferiu acessar a Internet de sua residência; somente 7.9% utilizavam a Internet na faculdade. Cerca de 60% dos alunos utilizou as ferramentas de busca da Internet para obter material relacionado a assuntos de Odontologia, sendo que os estudantes dos últimos anos utilizavam mais a Internet para assuntos acadêmicos que os alunos dos anos pré-clínicos (78% vs. 41.2%, P=0,001). Conclusão: Os estudantes de Odontologia desta instituição na India relataram menores níveis de utilização da Internet que alunos de outros países. Isso pode ser devido a acesso e disponibilidade limitados na instituição avaliada.

Relationship of body mass index with periodontal health status of green marble mine laborers in Kesariyaji, India.

It is evident from literature that an increased body mass index (BMI) may be a potential risk factor for periodontitis. Association between BMI and periodontitis has been ascribed to unhealthy dietary patterns with insufficient micronutrients and excess sugar and fat content. The present study population has been plagued by unhealthy nutritional practices, hence the present study intended to assess the relation between BMI and periodontal status among green marble mine laborers of Kesariyaji, in the Udaipur district of Rajasthan, India. The study sample comprised of 513 subjects aged 18-54 years, drawn using the stratified cluster sampling procedure. BMI was calculated as the ratio of the subject's body weight (in kg) to the square of their height (in meters). Periodontal status was recorded using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI). Binary multiple logistic regression analysis was executed to assess the relation between body mass index and periodontitis. The dependent variable for logistic regression analysis was categorized into control group (scores 0 - 2 of the CPI) and periodontitis group (scores 3 and 4 of the CPI). The overall prevalence of periodontal disease was 98.2%. Caries status and mean number of teeth present deteriorated with the poor periodontal status. Subjects had an increased risk of periodontitis by 57% for each 1kg/m(2) increase in the body mass index, which means that a higher body mass index could be a potential risk factor for periodontitis among the adults aged 18 to 54 years. In conclusion, evaluation of the body mass index could be used in periodontal risk assessment.

Oral hygiene and periodontal status among Terapanthi Svetambar Jain monks in India.

The main objective of the study was to determine the oral hygiene levels and periodontal status among Jain monks attending a Chaturmass in Udaipur, India. To date, no study has been conducted on Jain monks. The study comprises of 180 subjects and the overall response rate was 76% among them. Oral hygiene status was assessed by the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) of Greene, Vermillion14 (1964), and periodontal status was assessed by the Community Periodontal Index. Additional information was collected regarding food habits, education level and oral hygiene habits. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Chi Square Test and Step-wise multiple linear regression analysis were carried out using SPSS Software (11.0). The results showed that the oral hygiene status of Jain monks was poor and only 5.6% of the subjects had good oral hygiene. Overall periodontal disease prevalence was 100% with bleeding and shallow pocket contributing a major part (72.8%) among all the age groups (p < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that oral hygiene habits, caloric intake and education level explained a variance of 11.7% for the Oral hygiene index collectively. The findings confirmed that Jain monks have poor oral hygiene and an increased prevalence of periodontal disease compared to that of the similarly aged general population because, as a part of their religion, many Jain individuals avoid brushing their teeth especially during fasting, keeping in mind not to harm the microorganisms present in the mouth.

Relationship of Body Mass Index with periodontal health status of green marble mine laborers in Kesariyaji, India

It is evident from literature that an increased body mass index (BMI) may be a potential risk factor for periodontitis. Association between BMI and periodontitis has been ascribed to unhealthy dietary patterns with insufficient micronutrients and excess sugar and fat content. The present study population has been plagued by unhealthy nutritional practices, hence the present study intended to assess the relation between BMI and periodontal status among green marble mine laborers of Kesariyaji, in the Udaipur district of Rajasthan, India. The study sample comprised of 513 subjects aged 18-54 years, drawn using the stratified cluster sampling procedure. BMI was calculated as the ratio of the subject's body weight (in kg) to the square of their height (in meters). Periodontal status was recorded using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI). Binary multiple logistic regression analysis was executed to assess the relation between body mass index and periodontitis. The dependent variable for logistic regression analysis was categorized into control group (scores 0 - 2 of the CPI) and periodontitis group (scores 3 and 4 of the CPI). The overall prevalence of periodontal disease was 98.2 percent. Caries status and mean number of teeth present deteriorated with the poor periodontal status. Subjects had an increased risk of periodontitis by 57 percent for each 1kg/m² increase in the body mass index, which means that a higher body mass index could be a potential risk factor for periodontitis among the adults aged 18 to 54 years. In conclusion, evaluation of the body mass index could be used in periodontal risk assessment.

Oral hygiene and periodontal status among Terapanthi Svetambar Jain monks in India

The main objective of the study was to determine the oral hygiene levels and periodontal status among Jain monks attending a Chaturmass in Udaipur, India. To date, no study has been conducted on Jain monks. The study comprises of 180 subjects and the overall response rate was 76 percent among them. Oral hygiene status was assessed by the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) of Greene, Vermillion14 (1964), and periodontal status was assessed by the Community Periodontal Index. Additional information was collected regarding food habits, education level and oral hygiene habits. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Chi Square Test and Step-wise multiple linear regression analysis were carried out using SPSS Software (11.0). The results showed that the oral hygiene status of Jain monks was poor and only 5.6 percent of the subjects had good oral hygiene. Overall periodontal disease prevalence was 100 percent with bleeding and shallow pocket contributing a major part (72.8 percent) among all the age groups (p < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that oral hygiene habits, caloric intake and education level explained a variance of 11.7 percent for the Oral hygiene index collectively. The findings confirmed that Jain monks have poor oral hygiene and an increased prevalence of periodontal disease compared to that of the similarly aged general population because, as a part of their religion, many Jain individuals avoid brushing their teeth especially during fasting, keeping in mind not to harm the microorganisms present in the mouth.

Fluoride - an adjunctive therapeutic agent for periodontal disease?Evidence from a cross-sectional study

Objective: To assess the influence of the water fluoride level on periodontal status, by determining the periodontalhealth status of subjects residing in low, optimum and high fluoride areas. Study design: A cross sectional surveywas carried out on 967 adults aged 35-44 years old, from the Udaipur district of India. A stratified cluster randomsampling technique was implemented in order to collect a representative sample from low (<0.6 ppm), optimum(0.6 - 1.2 ppm) and high fluoride (>3ppm) areas, based on the fluoride concentration in drinking water. Periodontalstatus was assessed in accordance to WHO criteria. The Chi-square test was used to compare proportions, andlogistic regression analysis was used to determine the contribution of water fluoride levels to periodontal disease.Results: Those residing in areas of low fluoride levels were more likely to present periodontal pockets than thoseliving in high fluoride areas 1.3 (95 % CI 1.11±1.86). Subjects living in areas of low fluoride were noted to have ahigher risk of periodontal attachment loss of more than 8mm (OR = 1.94, 95% CI 1.67±3.85). The risk for presenceof periodontal pockets and attachment loss of more than 8mm increased by 1.17 (95 % CI 1.02±1.69) and1.59 (95 % CI 1.27±3.29) respectively for those residing in areas of optimum fluoride levels. Deep periodontalpockets were more prevalent (6.3%) among those residing in areas of low fluoride, followed by optimum (5.2%)and high (3.1%). Conclusions: As the fluoride concentrations increased, the prevalence of shallow and deep periodontalpockets decreased. The severity of periodontal disease was significantly associated with fluoride levels,with cases of loss of attachment gradually decreasing when moving from low fluoride areas to high fluoride areas.It appears that longitudinal studies (..) (AU)