Emergency Severity Index version 4: a valid and reliable tool in pediatric emergency department triage.

OBJECTIVES: The Emergency Severity Index version 4 (ESI v.4) is the most recently implemented 5-level triage system. The validity and reliability of this triage tool in the pediatric population have not been extensively established. The goals of this study were to assess the validity of ESI v.4 in predicting hospital admission, emergency department (ED) length of stay (LOS), and number of resources utilized, as well as its reliability in a prospective cohort of pediatric patients. METHODS: The first arm of the study was a retrospective chart review of 780 pediatric patients presenting to a pediatric ED to determine the validity of ESI v.4. Abstracted data included acuity level assigned by the triage nurse using ESI v.4 algorithm, disposition (admission vs discharge), LOS, and number of resources utilized in the ED. To analyze the validity of ESI v.4, patients were divided into 2 groups for comparison: higher-acuity patients (ESI levels 1, 2, and 3) and lower-acuity patients (ESI levels 4 and 5). Pearson χ analysis was performed for categorical variables. For continuous variables, we conducted a comparison of means based on parametric distribution of variables. The second arm was a prospective cohort study to determine the interrater reliability of ESI v.4 among and between pediatric triage (PT) nurses and pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) physicians. Three raters (2 PT nurses and 1 PEM physician) independently assigned triage scores to 100 patients; k and interclass correlation coefficient were calculated among PT nurses and between the primary PT nurses and physicians. RESULTS: In the validity arm, the distribution of ESI score levels among the 780 cases are as follows: ESI 1: 2 (0.25%); ESI 2: 73 (9.4%); ESI 3: 289 (37%); ESI 4: 251 (32%); and ESI 5: 165 (21%). Hospital admission rates by ESI level were 1: 100%, 2: 42%, 3: 14.9%, 4: 1.2%, and 5: 0.6%. The admission rate of the higher-acuity group (76/364, 21%) was significantly greater than the lower-acuity group (4/415, 0.96%), P < 0.001. The mean ED LOS (in minutes) for the higher-acuity group was 257 (SD, 132) versus 143 (SD, 81) in the lower-acuity group, P < 0.001. The higher-acuity group also had significantly greater use of resources than the lower-acuity group, P < 0.001. The percentage of low-acuity patients receiving no resources was 54%, compared with only 26% in the higher-acuity group. Conversely, a greater percentage of higher-acuity patients utilized 2 or more resources than the lower-acuity cohorts, 43% vs 12%, respectively, P < 0.001. In the prospective reliability arm of the study, 15 PT nurses and 8 PEM attending physicians participated in the study; k among nurses was 0.92 and between the primary triage nurses and physicians was 0.78, P < 0.001. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.96 for PT nurses and 0.91 between the primary triage nurse and physicians, P < 0.001. CONCLUSIONS: Emergency Severity Index v.4 is a valid predictor of hospital admission, ED LOS, and resource utilization in the pediatric ED population. It is a reliable pediatric triage instrument with high agreement among PT nurses and between PT nurses and PEM physicians.

Myocarditis and pericarditis in children.

Myocarditis and pericarditis are rare but important causes of pediatric chest pain. The diagnostic criteria, clinical course, causes, and treatment of myocarditis is reviewed. There is particular attention to the relationship of myocarditis with dilated cardiomyopathy. Supportive therapy remains the standard of care for pump dysfunction. The identification and treatment of pericarditis with associated large pericardial effusion can be lifesaving. This article reviews the important clinical features that might lead the clinician to diagnose either myocarditis or pericarditis and thus separate the few patients with either of these conditions from the legions of children with noncardiac chest pain.

The Emergency Severity Index Version 4: reliability in pediatric patients.

OBJECTIVES: The Emergency Severity Index version 4 (ESI v.4) is a triage system, which demonstrates reliability in adult populations, however, it has not been extensively studied in pediatrics. The goal of this study was to measure interrater reliability and agreement rates within and between a group of pediatric emergency medicine physicians and pediatric triage (PT) nurses using ESI v.4 in a pediatric population. METHODS: Pediatric emergency medicine physicians and PT nurses completed ESI v.4 training and a survey of 20 pediatric case scenarios, requiring them to assign a triage category to each case. Cases and standardized responses were adapted from the ESI v.4 training materials. Unweighted and weighted J was measured, and agreement rates for each group were compared with the standard response. RESULTS: Sixteen physicians and 17 nurses completed the study. The group had a mean of 10.2 (T7.7) years experience in pediatrics. Nurses had a mean of 7.6 (T8.7) years experience in triage. Unweighted J for physicians and nurses was 0.68 and 0.67, respectively. Weighted J for physicians and nurses was 0.92 and 0.93, respectively. The agreement rate among physicians and nurses with the standardized responses to case scenarios was 83%. CONCLUSIONS: ESI v.4 is a reliable tool for triage assessments in pediatric patients when used by experienced pediatric emergency medicine physicians and PT nurses. It is a triage system with high agreement between physicians and nurses.

Pediatric myocarditis: presenting clinical characteristics.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to characterize the clinical profiles of pediatric patients with acute myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) before diagnosis. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted to identify patients with myocarditis and DCM who presented over a 10-year span at 2 tertiary care pediatric hospitals. Patients were identified based on the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, diagnostic codes. RESULTS: A total of 693 charts were reviewed. Sixty-two patients were enrolled in the study. Twenty-four (39%) patients had a final diagnosis of myocarditis, and 38 (61%) had DCM. Of the 62 patients initially evaluated, 10 were diagnosed with myocarditis or DCM immediately, leaving 52 patients who required subsequent evaluation before a diagnosis was determined. Study patients had a mean age of 3.5 years, 47% were male, and 53% were female. Common primary complaints were shortness of breath, vomiting, poor feeding, upper respiratory infection (URI), and fever. Common examination findings were tachypnea, hepatomegaly, respiratory distress, fever, and abnormal lung examination result. Sixty-three percent had cardiomegaly on chest x-ray, and all had an abnormal electrocardiogram results. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest children with acute myocarditis and DCM most commonly present with difficulty breathing. Myocarditis and DCM may mimic other respiratory or viral illnesses, but hepatomegaly or the finding of cardiomegaly and an abnormal electrocardiogram result may help distinguish these diagnoses from other more common pediatric illnesses.

The Emergency Severity Index Version 4: reliability in pediatric patients.

OBJECTIVES: The Emergency Severity Index version 4 (ESI v.4) is a triage system, which demonstrates reliability in adult populations, however, it has not been extensively studied in pediatrics. The goal of this study was to measure interrater reliability and agreement rates within and between a group of pediatric emergency medicine physicians and pediatric triage (PT) nurses using ESI v.4 in a pediatric population. METHODS: Pediatric emergency medicine physicians and PT nurses completed ESI v.4 training and a survey of 20 pediatric case scenarios, requiring them to assign a triage category to each case. Cases and standardized responses were adapted from the ESI v.4 training materials. Unweighted and weighted kappa was measured, and agreement rates for each group were compared with the standard response. RESULTS: Sixteen physicians and 17 nurses completed the study. The group had a mean of 10.2 (+/-7.7) years experience in pediatrics. Nurses had a mean of 7.6 (+/-8.7) years experience in triage. Unweighted kappa for physicians and nurses was 0.68 and 0.67, respectively. Weighted kappa for physicians and nurses was 0.92 and 0.93, respectively. The agreement rate among physicians and nurses with the standardized responses to case scenarios was 83%. CONCLUSIONS: ESI v.4 is a reliable tool for triage assessments in pediatric patients when used by experienced pediatric emergency medicine physicians and PT nurses. It is a triage system with high agreement between physicians and nurses.

Clinical predictors of respiratory syncytial virus infection in children.

AIM: The aim of this study was to develop a clinical prediction model that identifies respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in infants and young children. METHODS: Children < or = 36 months of age with respiratory illness, who were suspected of having RSV infection, were enrolled in this prospective cohort study during the study period between January and February 2002. RSV testing was performed on all patients. RESULTS: Of the 197 patients enrolled in the study, 126 (64%) were positive for RSV and 71 (36%) patients were either negative for RSV or had a positive culture for viruses other than RSV. The mean age of patients was 5 months and 57% were male. Backwards stepwise logistic regression analysis identified cough (p = 0.000), wheezing (p = 0.002), and retractions (p = 0.008) as independent variables predictive of RSV infection. The prediction model had a sensitivity of 80% (95% CI, 71-87%), specificity of 68% (95% CI, 54-79%), positive predictive value 82% (95% CI, 74-89%), negative predictive value 66% (95% CI, 52-77), positive likelihood ratio 2.5 (95% CI, 1.8-3.7) and post-test probability of 82%. CONCLUSION: The combination of cough, wheezing and retractions predicts RSV infection in infants and young children.

An unusual case of knee pain.

Osteomyelitis of the patella is a rare disease, which primarily affects the pediatric population. We present a case of hematogenous osteomyelitis of the patella with secondary development of septic arthritis of the knee. There is often a delay in diagnosis, as illustrated by our case report, due to the rarity of the condition and nonspecific presentation. There is usually no history of trauma. Focal tenderness over the patella is the most helpful clinical sign. A small joint effusion may be present which is usually sterile and reactionary due to inflammation of the patella. Treatment of osteomyelitis of the patella is similar to treatment of osteomyelitis in other areas. Function and range of motion of the knee usually returns to normal after completion of treatment. A delay in diagnosis may lead to progression of disease and complications such as septic arthritis of the knee.