The response of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and -2 to exercise.

BACKGROUND: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a major group of enzymes that play essential roles in normal functioning of diverse tissues during growth, development, and aging. However, among the MMPs little is known regarding the role of exercise in MMP-9 and MMP-2 function in humans. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to provide a systematic comprehensive review of the literature examining the effect of different exercise interventions on MMP-9 and MMP-2 in human investigations. DATA SOURCES: A comprehensive systematic database search was performed, including PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science. STUDY SELECTION: Both the acute and chronic effects of exercise were included for evaluation in this systematic review. Inclusion criteria included the use of any type of planned, structured, and repetitive movement and its effects on the MMP-2 and MMP-9 response (obtained from plasma samples), participants (humans only) of any age with or without diseases, sedentary participants and those involved in light, moderate, and vigorous activity, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and clinical trials (CTs), full text article citations with no restrictions in terms of language, and scored at least 5/11 on the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) quality scale. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS: The PEDro scale was used to appraise study quality of RCTs and CTs. Two reviewers independently reviewed the full texts of all potentially relevant articles for eligibility and disagreements were discussed and resolved. RESULTS: Seven studies met the previously determined quality indicators and were reviewed; three were RCTs and four were CTs. In general, the quality of the studies ranged from 5 to 9 out of a maximum of 11 on the PEDro quality criteria scale. Results revealed that chronic aerobic training induces a decrease in MMP-9 and MMP-2 levels, possibly indicating a cardioprotective effect, while resistance exercise training displayed conflicting results. CONCLUSION: Alterations in MMP-9 and MMP-2 plasma concentrations may be valuable biomarkers to reflect the influence of exercise on the inflammatory state. Nevertheless, the limited evidence available regarding the effects of exercise on the MMP-9 and MMP-2 response in human participants suggests that further studies are needed to fully define the connection between the role of exercise on the MMP-9 and MMP-2 response.

Resistance training may concomitantly benefit body composition, blood pressure and muscle MMP-2 activity on the left ventricle of high-fat fed diet rats.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of resistance training (RT) on body composition, systolic and diastolic blood pressures (BP), and activity of muscle MMP-2 in the left ventricle of high-fat fed rats. MATERIALS/METHODS: We have evaluated 32 male Wistar rats divided into four experimental groups (n=8/each) according to diet and exercise status: sedentary (SED; standard diet), sedentary obese (SED-OB; diet: 30% of fat), RT (RT; standard diet) and RT obese (RT-OB; diet: 30% of fat). After weaning (day 21), animals were subjected to the experimental diet according to their groups during 24 weeks. A 12-week strength-training period was used, during which the rats climbed a 1.1-m vertical ladder with weights attached to their tails. Sessions were performed three times/week (Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays), with 4-9 climbs/session and 8-12 dynamic movements/climb. RESULTS: RT induced higher muscle MMP-2 activity in the left ventricle in RT and RT-OB groups. Moreover, this study demonstrated that RT promoted lower body and fat masses, fat percentage, systolic and diastolic BPs and higher fat free mass in both trained groups. CONCLUSION: RT increased muscle MMP-2 activity in the left ventricle, induced positive changes on body composition and lowered BPs in high-fat diet fed rats, suggesting that it may be a useful tool to prevent alterations induced by high-fat diet consumption.