ABSTRACT
The regulatory landscape of flavorings is evolving, thereby putting pressure on control laboratories to develop analytical methods for a wide range of compounds in various types of food and drinks. In order to improve the monitoring of flavoring substances, a versatile and accurate analytical method using the solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) technique coupled to GC-MS(SIM) was developed and validated. Focus was put on authorized flavoring substances requiring specific attention due to a genotoxic concern based on information from European risks assessment reports. Thirty-seven (suspected) genotoxic flavoring substances were analyzed in a selection of ten alcohol-free beers. Five suspected genotoxic compounds (i.e. 1-(2-furyl)-2-propanone, 2-acetylfuran, 2-acetyl-5-methylfuran, 2-acetyl-3,5-dimethylfuran, hex-2-eno-1,4-lactone) as well as two confirmed genotoxic flavoring substances (p-mentha-1,8-dien-7-al, 2,4-pentanedione) were identified and quantified among the selected samples. Low concentrations and natural occurrences of the identified compounds suggested that these were not added as such but rather originated from heat-treatments or from plant-based extracts.
Subject(s)
Beer , Flavoring Agents , Belgium , DNA Damage , Flavoring Agents/analysis , Gas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryABSTRACT
In Belgium, on 10 millions of inhabitants, there are more than 31.000 divorces per year and we estimate that 600.000 children are experiencing separation of their parents. The general practitioner (GP) have inevitably the responsability of the medical follow-up of some of these children. The possible professional implications related to these young patients, concerning the GP have never been the subject of a study so far. Consequently the aim of this research was to reveal what is happening in the daily practice of the family practitioner related with the children of separete parents. There were some hypothesis notably about particular working conditions for the GP in connection with possible consequences for these children and possible necessity of special professional attitudes. A qualitative research in focus group was organized with GPs in order to get an interaction between the participants and to go past the concepts supposed before the study. Therefore between September and December 04, 8 focus groups of 10-18 generalist practitioners were set up in Brussels and Mons. Each meeting was axed around couples separated for less than 3 years and children between 0 and 15 years. Finally, 120 GPs discussed about 242 cases of divorces from their practice. The debates totally typed word by word were analysed with assistance of the software QSR N5. The point of view of the GPs is: 1) A divorce affects the working conditions of the general practitioner, for example the parcelling out of the medical follow-up of the child and the fact " of being used" by the family. 2) The conflict between the parents after the separation increases the difficulties for the GP in his daily practice. 3) The parental's separation influences the choice of professional attitudes of the GP, notably vis-a-vis the conflict (for instance to try or not to try the conflict's management). 4) Mainly in conflict situation, parental divorce is a risk for the child; psychological or behavioural disorders, physical health problems, school difficulties, ... 5) Certain professional attitudes of the general practitioner can influence positively the evolution of these children, for example to speak to the two parents. 6) Some professional actions aggravate the situation of the these children, for instance to product certain official written documents (attestations, reports, certificats, ...) in a conflicts context. In conclusion, this study desmonstrates that parental separation affects the medical follow-up of the children by the GPs and that professional attitudes influences positively or negatively the child's evolution. For the first time, some negative consequences of the divorce on children are described in the first line. All this results must be confirmed by quantitative research work.
