ABSTRACT
Objectives: The journey of Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery has long way from open surgery to arthroscopy. Therefore, the anatomical features of the ACL and its two bundles description rewarded as good outcome of procedure. Material and methods: Fifty fresh knees were dissected. The insertion position, length and diameter of ACL and patellar tendon length were measured and determines the range of normality according to sex and side. Results: The average lengths of Antero- medial (AM) and postero- lateral (PL) bundle of the ACL were 35.35 mm and 26.11mm in male on right side, respectively while 34.21mm and 25.53 mm in female. Patellar tendon length was 45.24 mm in right side of male and 43.38 mm in female obtained. The average lengths of AM and PL bundle of the ACL were 35.47 mm and 26.04 mm in male on left side, respectively while 34.23 mm and 25.38 mm in female. Conclusion: The length of ligaments was higher in male than female. There was strong correlation between height and length of ligaments but no correlation with age.
Subject(s)
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction , Anterior Cruciate Ligament , Anterior Cruciate Ligament/surgery , Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction/methods , Cadaver , Female , Humans , Knee Joint/surgery , MaleABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Probiotic strain Lactobacillus sporogenes and Bifidobacteria bifidum were used to assess the anti-inflammatory properties in Carrageenan induced acute inflammatory model. METHODS: Non-encapsulated and encapsulated Probiotic strain of Bifidobacteria bifidum and Lactobacillus sporogenes was given orally. Diclofenac sodium was used as standard drug at a concentration of 150 mg/kg of body weight. Edema was induced with 1% carrageenan to all the groups except group A after half an hour of the oral treatments. Paw thickness was checked at t = 1, 2, 4 and 24 h. Stair climbing score and motility score were assessed at t = 24 h. RESULTS: Non-encapsulated and encapsulated Probiotic Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus showed a statistically significant decrease in paw thickness at P < 0.05. The percentage inhibition in paw thickness of non-encapsulated and encapsulated probiotic L. sporogenes and B. bifidum is 37 ± 3% and 43 ± 2% after 24 h of treatment. They both significantly increased stair climbing and motility score. CONCLUSION: Probiotic B. bifidum and L. sporogenes significantly decreased the inflammatory reactions induced by carrageenan.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use , Edema/drug therapy , Extremities/pathology , Probiotics/therapeutic use , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Carrageenan , Inflammation/pathology , Locomotion/drug effects , Probiotics/pharmacology , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
The administration of probiotic bacteria for health benefit has rapidly expanded in recent years, with a global market worth $32.6 billion predicted by 2014. The oral administration of most of the probiotics results in the lack of ability to survive in a high proportion of the harsh conditions of acidity and bile concentration commonly encountered in the gastrointestinal tract of humans. Providing probiotic living cells with a physical barrier against adverse environmental conditions is therefore an approach currently receiving considerable interest. Probiotic encapsulation technology has the potential to protect microorganisms and to deliver them into the gut. However, there are still many challenges to overcome with respect to the microencapsulation process and the conditions prevailing in the gut. This review focuses mainly on the methodological approach of probiotic encapsulation including biomaterials selection and choice of appropriate technology in detailed manner.
Subject(s)
Drug Compounding , Drug Delivery Systems , Lactobacillus/growth & development , Probiotics/administration & dosage , Gastrointestinal Tract/drug effects , HumansABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: A simple, rapid, accurate, precise, and economical UV spectrophotometric method for the simultaneous determination of metoprolol succinate (METO) and olmesartan medoxomil (OLME) in a combined tablet dosage form using the simultaneous equation method has been developed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The method is based on the simultaneous equations for analysis of both the drugs using distilled water as a solvent. METO has absorbance maxima at 221 nm and OLME has absorbance maxima at 257 nm in distilled water. RESULTS: The linearity was obtained in the concentration range of 5-25 µg/ml and 4-20 µg/ml for METO and OLME, respectively. The concentrations of the drugs were determined by using the simultaneous equations method. The mean recovery was 100.90 ± 1.76 and 100.26 ± 0.71 for METO and OLME, respectively. CONCLUSION: The method was found to be simple, accurate, and precise and was applicable for the simultaneous determination of METO and OLME in the pharmaceutical tablet dosage form. The results of analysis have been validated statistically and by recovery studies.