Biodiesel production using fatty acids from food industry waste using corona discharge plasma technology.

This article aims to describe an alternative and innovative methodology to transform waste, frying oil in a potential energy source, the biodiesel. The biodiesel was produced from fatty acids, using a waste product of the food industry as the raw material. The methodology to be described is the corona discharge plasma technology, which offers advantages such as acceleration of the esterification reaction, easy separation of the biodiesel and the elimination of waste generation. The best conditions were found to be an oil/methanol molar ratio of 6:1, ambient temperature (25 °C) and reaction time of 110 min and 30 mL of sample. The acid value indicates the content of free fatty acids in the biodiesel and the value obtained in this study was 0.43 mg KOH/g. Peaks corresponding to octadecadienoic acid methyl ester, octadecanoic acid methyl ester and octadecenoic acid methyl ester, from the biodiesel composition, were identified using GC-MS. A major advantage of this process is that the methyl ester can be obtained in the absence of chemical catalysts and without the formation of the co-product (glycerin).

First report of a small supernumerary der(8;14) marker chromosome.

Small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMC) are structurally abnormal chromosomes, generally equal in size or smaller than a chromosome 20 of the same metaphase spread. Most of them are unexpectedly detected in routine karyotype analyses, and it is usually not easy to correlate them with a specific clinical picture. A small group of sSMCs is derived from more than one chromosome, called complex sSMCs. Here, we report on a patient with a de novo complex sSMC, derived from chromosomes 8 and 14. Banding karyotype analysis, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based array, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were performed to investigate its origin. Array and FISH analyses revealed a der(14)t(8;14)(p23.2;q22.1)dn. The propositus presents some clinical features commonly found in patients with partial duplication or triplication of 8p and 14q. This is the first report describing a patient with a congenital der(14)t(8;14)(p23.2;q22.1)dn sSMC.

Interstitial 4q Deletion and Isodicentric Y-Chromosome in a Patient with Dysmorphic Features.

We present a 2-year-old boy with a de novo 46,XY,idic(Y)(q11.221),del(4)(q26q31.1) karyotype. G-banding, FISH, MLPA, and SNP-array techniques were used to characterize the 24-Mb deletion in 4q and the breakpoint in the isodicentric Y-chromosome region between 15,982,252 and 15,989,842 bp. The patient presented with mild facial dysmorphism, hemangioma, mild frontal cerebral atrophy, and Dandy-Walker variant. Essentially, this case reveals that patients can present more complex genomic imbalances than initially suspected.

Wide clinical variability in cat eye syndrome patients: four non-related patients and three patients from the same family.

A small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC) derived from chromosome 22 is a relatively common cytogenetic finding. This sSMC typically results in tetrasomy for a chromosomal region that spans the chromosome 22p arm and the proximal 2 Mb of 22q11.21. Using classical cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, and array techniques, 7 patients with sSMCs derived from chromosome 22 were studied: 4 non-related and 3 from the same family (mother, daughter, and son). The sSMCs in all patients were dicentric and bisatellited chromosomes with breakpoints in the chromosome 22 low-copy repeat A region, resulting in cat eye syndrome (CES) due to chromosome 22 partial tetrasomy 22pter→q11.2 including the cat eye chromosome region. Although all subjects presented the same chromosomal abnormality, they showed a wide range of phenotypic differences, even in the 3 patients from the same family. There are no previous reports of CES occurring within 3 patients in the same family. Thus, the clinical and follow-up data presented here contribute to a better delineation of the phenotypes and outcomes of CES patients and will be useful for genetic counseling.

Different conformation of two supernumerary 18p isochromosomes, one with a concomitant partial 18q trisomy.

The presence of a supernumerary 18p isochromosome is a rare chromosomal abnormality that results in 18p tetrasomy. This is a report on the clinical, cytogenetic and molecular findings of 2 non-related patients with a supernumerary 18p isochromosome. Both patients present some features of the 18p tetrasomy syndrome (strabismus, low-set ears, long and narrow fingers and toes), but additional characteristics were also observed. Cytogenetic analysis, FISH, MLPA and SNP array techniques showed that one of the isochromosomes is symmetric and monocentric, while the other is asymmetric and dicentric, yet resulting in a similar tetrasomy of the 18pter-18p10 region, followed by a partial 18q11.2 trisomy, an unprecedented finding in the literature.

Efeito do nível de fibra e da fonte de proteína sobre o comportamento alimentar de novilhas mestiças Holandês-Zebu / Effect of fiber levels and protein sources on the eating behavior of crossbred Holstein-Zebu heifers

Este trabalho foi realizado para avaliar a influência do nível de fibra, da fonte de proteína e do horário de fornecimento da raçäo sobre aspectos do comportamento alimentar de novilhas mestiças Holandês x Zebu. As dietas com baixa ou alta fibra, em base de cana-de-açúcar mais silagem de capim-elefante como volumoso, continham 38,7 ou 57,2 por cento de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), respectivamente. As fontes de proteína foram o farelo de soja com alta (65,0 por cento) ou farinha de sangue mais farelo de glúten de milho com baixa (32,2 por cento) degradaçäo ruminal. Dezesseis novilhas mestiças, com idade média de 14 meses e 220kgPV foram distribuídas em um delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso em esquema fatorial 2x2x2 (nível de fibra, fonte de proteína, horário de fornecimento), com duas repetiçöes. 0 comportamento alimentar das novilhas foi determinado pela observaçäo visual, em intervalos de 5 minutos, durante 24 horas, uma vez por mês durante o período experimental para determinar o tempo despendido com ingestäo, ruminaçäo e descanso. Novilhas alimentadas com dietas com alto nível de FDN despenderam mais tempo com ingestäo e ruminaçäo. Em relaçäo às fontes de proteína näo foi observada diferença quanto ao tempo despendido com ingestäo, ruminaçäo e descanso. O tempo despendido com ingestäo foi maior quando a dieta foi fornecida pela manhä. O comportamento alimentar das novilhas foi influenciado pelo teor de FDN da dieta

Efeito do nível de fibra e da fonte de proteína sobre o desempenho ponderal de novilhas mestiças Holandês-Zebu / Effect of fiber level and protein source on live weight gain of crossbred Holstein-Zebu heifers

Este trabalho foi realizado para avaliar a influência do nível de fibra, da fonte de proteína e do horário de fornecimento da raçäo sobre o desempenho ponderal de novilhas mestiças Holandês x Zebu. As dietas com baixa ou alta fibra, à base de cana-de-açúcar mais silagem de capim-elefante como volumoso, continham 38,7 ou 57,2 por cento de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), respectivamente. As fontes de proteína foram o farelo de soja com alta (65,0 por cento) ou farinha de sangue mais farelo de glúten de milho com baixa (32,2 por cento) degradaçäo ruminal. Dezesseis novilhas mestiças, com idade média de 14 meses e 220kgPV, foram distribuídas em um delineamento experimental interiramente ao acaso em esquema fatorial 2x2x2 (nível de fibra, fonte de proteína, horário de fornecimento), com duas repetiçöes. O ganho de peso diário (GPD), o consumo de matéria seca (MS), de proteína bruta (PB) e de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) foram maiores para os animais que consumiram dietas com baixo teor de fibra, expresso em kg/dia, por centoPV e g/kg0,75 sobrescrito. O consumo de FDN foi maior para as dietas com alto conteúdo de fibra (kg/dia, por centoPV e g/kg0,75 sobrescrito). As fontes de proteína e o horário de fornecimento da raçäo näo influenciaram o GPD e o consumo de MS, PB e NDT das novilhas. Dietas com baixa fibra resultaram em maior consumo de MS, PB e NDT, os quais permitiram maiores ganhos de peso