Chronic Granulomatous Disease and Myelodysplastic Syndrome in a Patient with a Novel Mutation in CYBB.

Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) is an inborn error of immunity characterized by impaired phagocyte function, recurrent fungal and bacterial infections and granuloma formation in multiple organs. Pediatric myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) is a rare hematological stem cell disease that leads to an ineffective hematopoiesis with variable risk of evolution to acute leukemias. Both disorders are rare and have distinct pathophysiologic mechanisms, with no known association. A 7-month-old boy presenting with recurrent infections and anemia at age 2 months underwent immunological, hematological and genetic investigation that culminated in the diagnosis of both CGD and MDS. Next generation sequencing was performed and identified a silent variant predicted as of Uncertain Significance, located in the splicing site at the end of exon 5 in CYBB. CYBB variants account for at least two thirds of CGD cases, but no previous descriptions of this variant were found in ClinVar or The Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) databases. We were able to demonstrate an exon 5 skipping on the proband's cDNA, which strongly suggests the disruption of the NADPH oxidase complex, abrogating the formation of reactive oxygen species from neutrophils. Moreover, erythroid cell lineage could be also affected by NADPH oxidase complex damages. Further investigation is needed to evaluate the potential effect of CYBB gene alterations in hematopoiesis, as well as in MDS and CGD association.

Formononetin: Biological effects and uses - A review.

Formononetin (FORM) is an isoflavone from the group of phytoestrogens that exhibits a broad spectrum of physiological effects beneficial to health through dependent and independent mechanisms of estrogen. This article aimed to present FORM main functions and future prospects for applications in different areas. Scientific publications and patents dated between 1998 and 2019 were analyzed. FORM has potential as an active compound of interest to product development for the industries of food, medicine, and cosmetics, among others. Moreover, in the medical area, this active compound has shown potential in the prevention and treatment of several diseases, including chronic ones, such as cancer, obesity, and neurodegenerative diseases.

The TCR repertoire of α-synuclein-specific T cells in Parkinson's disease is surprisingly diverse.

The self-antigen α-synuclein (α-syn) was recently shown to be associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). Here we mapped the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of α-syn-specific T cells from six PD patients. The self-antigen α-syn-specific repertoire was compared to the repertoire of T cells specific for pertussis (PT), as a representative foreign antigen that most individuals are exposed to, revealing that the repertoire for α-syn was as diverse as the repertoire for PT. The diversity of PT-specific clonotypes was similar between individuals with PD diagnosis and age-matched healthy controls. We found that the TCR repertoire was specific to each PD patient, and no shared TCRs among patients were defined, likely due to differences in HLA expression that select for different subsets of epitope-specific TCR rearrangements. This study provides the first characterization of α-syn-specific TCR clonotypes in individuals with PD. Antigen-specific TCRs can serve as immunotherapeutics and diagnostics, and means to track longitudinal changes in specific T cells, and disease progression.

T Cell Responses to Neural Autoantigens Are Similar in Alzheimer's Disease Patients and Age-Matched Healthy Controls.

Alzheimer's disease (AD), a chronic multifactorial and complex neurodegenerative disorder is a leading cause of dementia. Recently, neuroinflammation has been hypothesized as a contributing factor to AD pathogenesis. The role of adaptive immune responses against neuronal antigens, which can either confer protection or induce damage in AD, has not been fully characterized. Here, we measured T cell responses to several potential antigens of neural origin including amyloid precursor protein (APP), amyloid beta (Aß), tau, α-synuclein, and transactive response DNA binding protein (TDP-43) in patients with AD and age-matched healthy controls (HC). Antigen-specific T cell reactivity was detected for all tested antigens, and response to tau-derived epitopes was particularly strong, but no significant differences between individuals with AD and age-matched HC were identified. We also did not observe any correlation between the antigen-specific T cell responses and clinical variables including age, gender, years since diagnosis and cognitive score. Additionally, further characterization did not reveal any differences in the relative frequency of major Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) subsets, or in the expression of genes between AD patients and HC. These observations have not identified a key role of neuronal antigen-specific T cell responses in AD.

Impaired Thymic Output Can Be Related to the Low Immune Reconstitution and T Cell Repertoire Disturbances in Relapsing Visceral Leishmaniasis Associated HIV/AIDS Patients.

Background: Visceral leishmaniasis/HIV-co-infected patients (VL/HIV) accounts for around 8% of VL reported cases in Brazil. Relapses of Leishmania infection after anti-leishmanial treatment constitute a great challenge in the clinical practice because of the disease severity and drug resistance. We have shown that non-relapsing-VL/HIV (NR-) evolved with increase of CD4+ T-cell counts and reduction of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells after anti-leishmanial treatment. This immune profile was not observed in relapsing-VL/HIV patients (R-), indicating a more severe immunological compromising degree. Elevated activation status may be related to a deficient immune reconstitution and could help to explain the frequent relapses in VL/HIV co-infection. Our aim was to evaluate if this gain of T cells was related to changes in the peripheral TCRVß repertoire and inflammatory status, as well as the possible thymus involvement in the replenishment of these newly formed T lymphocytes. Methods: VL/HIV patients, grouped into non-relapsing (NR- = 6) and relapsing (R- = 12) were evaluated from the active phase up to 12 months post-treatment (mpt). HIV-infected patients (non-VL) and healthy subjects (HS) were included. The TCRVß repertoire was evaluated ex vivo by flow cytometry, whereas the plasmatic cytokine levels were assessed by Luminex assay. To evaluate the thymic output, DNA was extracted from PBMCs for TCR rearrangement excision circles (TREC) quantification by qPCR. Results: VL/HIV cases presented an altered mobilization profile (expansions or retractions) of the TCRVß families when compared to HS independent of the follow-up phase (p < 0.05). TCRVß repertoire on CD4+ T-cells was more homogeneous in the NR-VL/HIV cases, but heterogeneous on CD8+ T-cells, since different Vß-families were mobilized. NR-VL/HIV had the inflammatory pattern reduced after 6 mpt. Importantly, VL/HIV patients showed number of TREC copies lower than controls during all follow-up. An increase of recent thymic emigrants was observed in NR-VL/HIV individuals at 10 mpt compared to R- patients (p < 0.01), who maintained lower TREC contents than the HIV controls. Conclusions: VL/HIV patients that maintain the thymic function, thus generating new T-cells, seem able to replenish the T lymphocyte compartment with effector cells, then enabling parasite control.

α-Synuclein-specific T cell reactivity is associated with preclinical and early Parkinson's disease.

A diagnosis of motor Parkinson's disease (PD) is preceded by a prolonged premotor phase with accumulating neuronal damage. Here we examined the temporal relation between α-synuclein (α-syn) T cell reactivity and PD. A longitudinal case study revealed that elevated α-syn-specific T cell responses were detected prior to the diagnosis of motor PD, and declined after. The relationship between T cell reactivity and early PD in two independent cohorts showed that α-syn-specific T cell responses were highest shortly after diagnosis of motor PD and then decreased. Additional analysis revealed significant association of α-syn-specific T cell responses with age and lower levodopa equivalent dose. These results confirm the presence of α-syn-reactive T cells in PD and show that they are most abundant immediately after diagnosis of motor PD. These cells may be present years before the diagnosis of motor PD, suggesting avenues of investigation into PD pathogenesis and potential early diagnosis.

Corrigendum: T Cell Responses to Neural Autoantigens Are Similar in Alzheimer's Disease Patients and Age-Matched Healthy Controls.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00874.].

Canopy structure and morphogenesis of Italian ryegrass intercropped with red clover under cutting intervals determined by thermal sum / Estrutura do dossel e morfogênese do azevém anual consorciado com trevo vermelho em intervalos de corte determinados por soma térmica

ABSTRACT: The canopy structure and morphogenesis of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) was investigated after it was over seeded with Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) and intercropped with red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Time intervals between cuts were determined by different thermal sums (125, 250, 375, and 500 degree-days [DD]). Cuts were conducted at a height equivalent to 50% of the average canopy height. Morphogenic and structural data were collected from July to October of 2016 and 2017, from a completely randomized block experimental design. Canopy height, extended tiller height, pseudostem length, and forage mass were fitted to linear equations according to the thermal sums. Interaction of ryegrass with red clover was the highest (12.1%) for longer cut intervals (375 and 500 DD). The leaf appearance rate (0.0080 leaf/DD), phyllochron value (128.8 DD), and senescence rate (0.10 cm/DD) of ryegrass were comparable between the different intervals. The slowest elongation rate (0.06 cm/DD) with the shortest interval duration between cuts (171.6 DD) was observed in the 125 DD interval. According to the findings from this 2-year experiment, the use of a 250 DD cut interval was recommended between grazing events, taking into account the efficiency of forage use, ryegrass leaf, stem ratio, and interactions with red clover in the canopy under rotational stocking.

RESUMO: A estrutura do dossel e a morfogênese do azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) foram investigadas após a sobressemeadura em Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) e consorciado com trevo vermelho (Trifolium pratense L.). Os intervalos de tempo entre os cortes foram determinados por diferentes somas térmicas (125, 250, 375 e 500 graus-dia [GD]). Os cortes foram realizados a uma altura equivalente a 50% da altura média do dossel. Os dados morfogênicos e estruturais foram coletados no período de julho a outubro de 2016 e 2017, em um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso. A altura do dossel, a altura estendida do perfilho, o comprimento do pseudocolmo e a massa de forragem se ajustaram a equações lineares de acordo com a soma térmica. A consorciação de azevém e trevo vermelho foi maior (12,1%) para intervalos de corte mais longos (375 e 500 GD). A taxa de aparecimento foliar (0,0080 folha/GD), filocrono (128,8 GD) e a taxa de senescência (0,10 cm /GD) do azevém não foram diferentes entre os intervalos de corte. A menor taxa de elongação (0,06 cm/GD) e duração de elongação (171,6 GD) foi observada no menor intervalo entre cortes, 125 GD. De acordo com os achados deste experimento de dois anos, recomenda-se o uso de um intervalo de corte de 250 GD entre os eventos de pastejo, levando em consideração a eficiência do uso de forragem, proporção de folhas e colmo de azevém e trevo vermelho no dossel, sob lotação rotativa.

Efeito da substituição parcial de farinha de trigo por farinha de residuos da bananeira na elaboração de massa fresca de macarrão / Effect of partial replacement of wheat flour by flour banana flower in the preparation of fresh pasta

Este projeto teve como objetivo substituir parcialmente a farinha de trigo por farinha de resíduos de bananeira na elaboração de massa fresca de macarrão e avaliar a composição centesimal, antioxidante e aspectos sensoriais. Para o preparo da massa fresca de macarrão foi utilizado a farinha de bráctea de bananeira (10%, 20% e 30% em substituição a farinha de trigo) e outros ingredientes. Os resultados das análises de composição centensimal indicaram que não houve diferença significativa (p≥0,05) entre as amostras nos teores de proteína e fibra bruta. Os teores de umidade, cinzas, lipídios totais e compostos fenólicos aumentaram proporcionalmente à adição de farinha de bráctea. Na análise sensorial e na intenção de compra, observou-se que todas as formulações foram bem aceitas pelos provadores em todos os atributos.

Mulheres Indígenas em Movimentos: Possíveis Articulações entre Gênero e Política / Indigenous Women in Movements: Possible Links Between Gender and Politics / Mujeres Indígenas en Movimientos: Posibles Articulaciones entre Género y Política

A partir de uma aproximação posicionada com determinados movimentos indígenas e com mulheres lideranças indígenas no Brasil tratamos sobre a possibilidade da emergência, no cenário macropolítico do país, do sujeito político mulheres indígenas e sobre as possíveis aproximações de suas pautas com as pautas feministas, em especial, o feminismo pós-colonial. Propomos reflexões sobre as intersecções entre raça/etnia e gênero, dialogando com discursos de diferentes lideranças indígenas que ocupam posição de protagonismo no movimento indígena e ocupam espaços políticos estratégicos como a própria Academia. Atentar-se para estas múltiplas narrativas se torna importante pois estas provocam tensionamentos múltiplos que envolvem não só campos de disputa política por direitos e visibilidade, mas também campos teóricos da antropologia e do feminismo....(AU)

Based on a positioned approach with indigenous movements in Brazil, we deal with the possibility of the emergence of the political subject indigenous women in the macro-political scenario of the country and the possible approximation of them with feminism, in particular, postcolonial feminism. We propose reflections on the intersections between race/ethnicity and gender, dialoguing with discourses of different indigenous leaders who occupy both a leadingposition in the indigenous movement and some strategic political spaces such as the Academy itself. Attention to these multiple narratives becomes important as they provoke tensions involving not only fields of political dispute for rights and visibility, but also theoretical fields of anthropology and feminism....(AU)

A partir de una aproximación posicionada con determinados movimientos indígenas y con mujeres líderes indígenas en Brasil tratamos sobre la posibilidad de la emergencia, en el escenario macropolítico del país, del sujeto político mujeres indígenas y sobre las posibles aproximaciones de sus pautas con las pautas feministas, en especial, el feminismo post-colonial. Proponemos reflexiones sobre las intersecciones entre raza/etnia y género, dialogando con discursos de diferentes líderes indígenas que ocupan posición de protagonismo en el movimiento indígena y ocupan espacios políticos estratégicos como la propia Academia. Atendiendo a estas múltiples narrativas y discursos se vuelve importante pues éstas provocan tensiones múltiples que involucran no sólo campos de disputa política por derechos y visibilidad, sino también campos teóricos de la antropología y del feminismo....(AU)

Utilização do exoma na identificação de variantes genéticas relacionadas as Imunodeficiências Primárias (PIDs) / Using the exome to identify genetic variants related to Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs)

As imunodeficiências primárias (PIDs) são doenças genéticas que têm como principal característica alterações do sistema imune, caracterizadas por deficiências de desenvolvimento e/ou função desse sistema, levando o paciente à maior suscetibilidade às infecções de repetição, doenças auto-imunes e/ou neoplasias. Estão agrupadas como um único grupo de doenças e a sua classificação, varia de acordo com a natureza da deficiência imunológica subjacente, podendo ser por deficiências de anticorpos, imunodeficiências combinadas, desordens de células fagocitárias, entre outras. Estimam-se sua incidência entre 1:2.000 crianças nascidas vivas e o diagnóstico precoce dessas doenças, é essencial para a redução da morbidade e mortalidade desses pacientes. A identificação precoce e o tratamento eficiente das PIDs são pontos chaves para a sobrevivência e melhor qualidade de vida dos pacientes imunodeficientes, modificando de maneira decisiva o prognóstico destas doenças. Na busca de um diagnóstico mais rápido e eficaz, esse trabalho dispôs de uma análise multigênica de pacientes com pelo menos 1 dos 10 sinais de alerta para PID. Foram sequenciados e analisados 34 casos, sendo 25 do sexo masculino e 9 do sexo feminino. Utilizou-se ferramentas de nova geração e filtros específicos, baseados nos resultados do sequenciamento total do exoma, possibilitando assim , o diagnóstico de 7 casos de Agamaglobulinemia (gene BTK), 2 casos de Wiskott-Aldrich (gene WAS), 1 caso de Doença Granulomatosa Crônica (gene CYBB), 1 caso de Síndrome de Hiper-IgM do tipo I (gene CD40LG) e a investigação parental dos 23 casos sem diagnóstico concluído. Esses achados foram confirmados através do Sequenciamento de Sanger, considerado como padrão ouro para o estudo.

Primary immunodeficiencies are genetic diseases that have as main characteristic alterations of the immune system, characterized by deficiencies of development and / or function of this system, leading the patient to greater susceptibility to recurrent infections, autoimmune diseases and / or neoplasias. They are grouped as a single group of diseases and their classification varies according to the nature of the underlying immunological deficiency, and may be due to antibody deficiencies, combined immunodeficiencies, phagocytic cell disorders, among others. Their incidence is estimated between 1: 2000 live births and the early diagnosis of these diseases is essential to reduce the morbidity and mortality of these patients. Early identification and efficient treatment of PIDs are key points for the survival and better quality of life of immunodeficient patients, modifying the prognosis of these diseases in a decisive way. In the search for a faster and more effective diagnosis, this work had a multigenic analysis of patients with at least 1 of the 10 warning signs for PID. Thirty-four cases were sequenced and analyzed, of which 25 were male and 9 were female. New generation tools and specific filters were used based on the results of the complete exome sequencing, allowing the diagnosis of 7 cases of agammaglobulinemia (BTK gene), 2 cases of Wiskott-Aldrich (WAS gene), 1 case of disease Chronic Granulomatose (CYBB gene), 1 case of Type I Hyper-IgM Syndrome (CD40LG gene) and parental investigation of the 23 cases without a completed diagnosis. These findings were confirmed using the Sanger Sequencing, considered the gold standard for the study.

Update on Hippocampal Sclerosis.

The diagnostic hallmarks of hippocampal sclerosis (HS) are severe volume loss of the hippocampus, severe neuronal loss, and reactive gliosis involving primarily two especially vulnerable fields, CA1 and the subiculum. Occasionally, HS may be the only neuropathological change detected in older individuals with dementia and is known as pure HS. In the majority of cases, HS occurs in the setting of other degenerative changes, usually Alzheimer's disease (AD). In these cases, it is classified as combined HS. Although a clinical profile for HS has been identified, its similarities with AD make the diagnosis during life quite challenging; thus, the diagnosis is often made postmortem. The pathogenesis of HS is not completely understood, but the strong association with transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), in approximately 90%, and the recent discovery of genetic risk factors are important contributions to a better understanding of the disease process.

Discovery of a 240 million year old nematode parasite egg in a cynodont coprolite sheds light on the early origin of pinworms in vertebrates.

BACKGROUND: We report the discovery of a nematode parasite egg (Nemata: Oxyurida) from a coprolite closely associated with the remains of several species of Cynodontia, dated to 240 million years old. This finding is particularly significant because this is the oldest record of an oxyurid nematode yet discovered, and because the cynodonts are considered a stem-group of the mammals. METHODS: We extracted material from a fully mineralized coprolite by both scraping the surface, and removing fragments from its interior with clean dental instruments used a single time. A single drop of glycerol from a new vial was added as a clearing reagent. Each slide was sealed with wax and examined with an optical microscope at 100× to 400× magnification. RESULTS: From one coprolite, 550 slides were examined; from 275 of these slides, sediment was examined that was scraped from the surface of the coprolite, and from the other 275 slides, material was examined that was extracted from the interior of the coprolite. All microscopic structures encountered were photographed, measured, and identified when possible. CONCLUSIONS: From the coprolite examined, we discovered an egg representing a new species of pinworm that, based on the egg structure, clearly places it in the family Heteroxynematidae. Nematodes of the order Oxyurida have very constrained life-histories, occurring only in animals that are not strictly carnivorous and also ingest large amounts of plant material. This fact enabled us to determine which species of cynodont, from several collected at the site in Brazil, are most likely the depositors of the coprolite, and therefore were the putative host of the parasite.

PREHISTORICAL Pediculus humanus capitis INFESTATION: QUANTITATIVE DATA AND LOW VACUUM SCANNING MICROSCOPY / Infestação pré-histórica por Pediculus humanus capitis: análise quantitativa e por microscopia de varredura de baixo vácuo

A pre-Columbian Peruvian scalp was examined decades ago by a researcher from the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. Professor Olympio da Fonseca Filho described nits and adult lice attached to hair shafts and commented about the origin of head lice infestations on mankind. This same scalp was sent to our laboratory and is the subject of the present paper. Analysis showed a massive infestation with nine eggs/cm2 and an impressive number of very well preserved adult lice. The infestation age was roughly estimated as nine months before death based on the distance of nits from the hair root and the medium rate of hair growth. A small traditional textile was associated with the scalp, possibly part of the funerary belongings. Other morphological aspects visualized by low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy are also presented here for adults and nits.

Há décadas um escalpo peruano, datado do período pré-colombiano, foi examinado por um pesquisador da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. O Professor Olympio da Fonseca Filho descreveu lêndeas e adultos fixos a fios de cabelos e fez comentários sobre a origem da infecção por piolhos na espécie humana. Este mesmo escalpo foi enviado ao nosso laboratório e é objeto deste artigo. Sua análise mostrou maciça infestação, com nove lêndeas/cm2 em impressionante número de adultos muito bem preservados. O tempo de infestação foi estimado em cerca de nove meses antes da morte, baseado na maior distância entre lêndeas e o couro cabeludo, levando em consideração taxa média de crescimento capilar de 1 cm por mês. Um pequeno pedaço de tecido tradicional peruano foi encontrado associado ao escalpo, provavelmente pertencente ao conjunto de peças usado no ritual funerário. Aqui, apresentamos alguns aspectos morfológicos de adultos e lêndeas vizualizados por microscopia eletrônica de varredura de baixo vácuo.

Prehistorical Pediculus humanus capitis infestation: quantitative data and low vacuum scanning microscopy.

A pre-Columbian Peruvian scalp was examined decades ago by a researcher from the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. Professor Olympio da Fonseca Filho described nits and adult lice attached to hair shafts and commented about the origin of head lice infestations on mankind. This same scalp was sent to our laboratory and is the subject of the present paper. Analysis showed a massive infestation with nine eggs/cm2 and an impressive number of very well preserved adult lice. The infestation age was roughly estimated as nine months before death based on the distance of nits from the hair root and the medium rate of hair growth. A small traditional textile was associated with the scalp, possibly part of the funerary belongings. Other morphological aspects visualized by low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy are also presented here for adults and nits.

A new ascarid species in cynodont coprolite dated of 240 million years.

Cynodonts represent the transition from reptiles to mammals. They are classified as synapsids, or tetrapod animals with mammalian characteristics. We present here the finding of helminth eggs in a coprolite identified as of cynodont origin dated of nearly 240 million years. Microscopy revealed the presence of very well preserved intestinal parasite eggs. Up to now we identified an ascarid egg by morphological characteristics. Based on a previous description of the new genus Ascarites Poinar Jr and Boucot 2006 in coprolites of iguanodons from Belgium, we propose a new species, Ascarites rufferi n.sp. in cynodonts, a host that inhabited the Southern Region of Brazil in the Triassic period.

Conceito e diagnóstico do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático em crianças / Concept and diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder in children

Muitos estudos apontam que maus-tratos na infância estão associados a inúmeras consequências negativas no desenvolvimento de uma multiplicidade de manifestações clínicas, incluindo o transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT). O quadro sintomatológico é complexo, o que exige um modelo explicativo sobre a síndrome pós-traumática identificada em algumas crianças. O presente estudo visa a) contextualizar historicamente o diagnóstico de TEPT em crianças; b) comparar o modelo proposto por Scheeringa, Zeanah, Drell e Larrieu em 1995 e a proposta diagnóstica de TEPT em pré-escolares para o DSM-5; e c) discutir essas alterações em relação aos critérios diagnósticos existentes no DSM-IV-TR. Assim, verificou-se que o modelo proposto no DSM-5 mantém muito das sugestões apontadas por Scheeringa, Zeanah, Drell e Larrieu em 1995 e difere significativamente do modelo atual do DSM-IV-TR, principalmente no que diz respeito à inclusão de sintomas que englobam questões de desenvolvimento e alterações afetivas e cognitivas.(AU)

Many studies have showed that childhood maltreatment is associated with several negative consequences in the development and clinical manifestations, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The symptomatology is complex, thus requiring an explanatory model of post-traumatic syndrome identified in some children. The present study aims to a) contextualize the diagnosis of PTSD in children, b) compare the model proposed by Scheeringa in 1995 and the DSM-5 proposed diagnosis of PTSD in preschool children, and c) discuss these changes in relation to current diagnostic criteria in DSM-IV-TR. Therefore, the model proposed in the DSM-5 retains many of the suggestions made in 1995 by Scheeringa and significantly differs from the current model of the DSM-IV-TR, especially regarding to the inclusion of symptoms which comprise development issues and affective and cognitive changes(AU)

Conceito e diagnóstico do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático em crianças / Concept and diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder in children

Muitos estudos apontam que maus-tratos na infância estão associados a inúmeras consequências negativas no desenvolvimento de uma multiplicidade de manifestações clínicas, incluindo o transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT). O quadro sintomatológico é complexo, o que exige um modelo explicativo sobre a síndrome pós-traumática identificada em algumas crianças. O presente estudo visa a) contextualizar historicamente o diagnóstico de TEPT em crianças; b) comparar o modelo proposto por Scheeringa, Zeanah, Drell e Larrieu em 1995 e a proposta diagnóstica de TEPT em pré-escolares para o DSM-5; e c) discutir essas alterações em relação aos critérios diagnósticos existentes no DSM-IV-TR. Assim, verificou-se que o modelo proposto no DSM-5 mantém muito das sugestões apontadas por Scheeringa, Zeanah, Drell e Larrieu em 1995 e difere significativamente do modelo atual do DSM-IV-TR, principalmente no que diz respeito à inclusão de sintomas que englobam questões de desenvolvimento e alterações afetivas e cognitivas.

Many studies have showed that childhood maltreatment is associated with several negative consequences in the development and clinical manifestations, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The symptomatology is complex, thus requiring an explanatory model of post-traumatic syndrome identified in some children. The present study aims to a) contextualize the diagnosis of PTSD in children, b) compare the model proposed by Scheeringa in 1995 and the DSM-5 proposed diagnosis of PTSD in preschool children, and c) discuss these changes in relation to current diagnostic criteria in DSM-IV-TR. Therefore, the model proposed in the DSM-5 retains many of the suggestions made in 1995 by Scheeringa and significantly differs from the current model of the DSM-IV-TR, especially regarding to the inclusion of symptoms which comprise development issues and affective and cognitive changes.

Lutz's spontaneous sedimentation technique and the paleoparasitological analysis of sambaqui (shell mound) sediments.

Parasite findings in sambaquis (shell mounds) are scarce. Although the 121 shell mound samples were previously analysed in our laboratory, we only recently obtained the first positive results. In the sambaqui of Guapi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, paleoparasitological analysis was performed on sediment samples collected from various archaeological layers, including the superficial layer as a control. Eggs of Acanthocephala, Ascaridoidea and Heterakoidea were found in the archaeological layers. We applied various techniques and concluded that Lutz's spontaneous sedimentation technique is effective for concentrating parasite eggs in sambaqui soil for microscopic analysis.