Breed, sex, and body weight as risk factors for rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament in young dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To describe clinical features of dogs < 2 years old with rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) and to evaluate breed, sex, and body weight as risk factors. DESIGN: Case-control study. ANIMALS: 201 dogs < 2 years old with rupture of the CCL and 804 age-matched control dogs. PROCEDURE: Medical records were reviewed for breed, sex, and body weight, and results were compared with results of age-matched control dogs. RESULTS: Breed predisposition was detected for Neapolitan Mastiff, Akita, Saint Bernard, Rottweiler, Mastiff, Newfoundland, Chesapeake Bay Retriever, Labrador Retriever, and American Staffordshire Terrier. Increased risk was detected for neutered males and neutered females, compared with sexually intact males and sexually intact females, respectively. Differences in prevalence of rupture of the CCL were not detected between all males and females, sexually intact males and sexually intact females, or neutered males and neutered females. Body weights of dogs with ruptured CCL were significantly greater than those of control dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Several large breeds of dogs are predisposed to rupture of the CCL at a young age.

Unusual origin of the ophthalmic artery and occlusion of the central retinal artery.

Any variations in the origin of the ophthalmic a. are uncommon and well-explained by the comparative anatomy and human embryology. A unique case is reported of an ophthalmic a. arising from the middle meningeal a. associated with an occlusion of the central retinal a. Embryologic variations which can give such an unusual origin are discussed. Although this association may be fortuitous, we consider that an unusual origin of the ophthalmic a. could be a further factor for an occlusion of the central retinal a.

Thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease in large, nonchondrodystrophic dogs: a retrospective study.

Medical records of 62 large, nonchondrodystrophic dogs diagnosed with thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease between March 1986 and February 1996 were reviewed. Fifty-seven (92%), primarily mixed-breed dogs (mean age, 6.6 years) had Hansen type I disease. Fifty-eight percent had acute onset. The interspace between the first (L1) and second (L2) lumbar vertebrae was affected most commonly. The outcomes of the 48 dogs available for follow-up after undergoing laminectomies were evaluated. Surgical success rate and mean time to walking for nonambulatory dogs with deep pain perception was 90% and seven weeks, respectively. Thirty-nine percent had residual deficits. Following surgery, 12% had recurrence of disk protrusion/extrusion at a different site.

Atrophy of the supraspinatus belly. Assessment by MRI in 55 patients with rotator cuff pathology.

A study of 5 fresh cadaveric shoulders demonstrated that an oblique-sagittal plane which crosses the scapula through the medial border of the coracoid process offers a view of the supraspinatus fossa mostly limited by bone. This view could easily be reproduced by MRI and we called it the Y-shaped view. It allowed a reliable measurement of supraspinatus muscle atrophy by the calculation of the occupation ratio (R) which is the ratio between the surface of the cross-section of the muscle belly and that of the fossa. This ratio was calculated in a prospective study based on 55 shoulders divided into 3 groups with different rotator cuff status: group I, 15 controls; group II, 10 degenerative cuffs, without tears; group III, 30 operated tears. There was no difference between groups I (mean ratio 0.7) and II (mean ratio 0.62), but the ratio was decreased in group III (mean ratio 0.44), in which the extent of the tear in both the sagittal and coronal planes aggravated the muscle atrophy. We propose a three-stage classification to improve indications for rotator cuff tear treatment.

Anatomical relationships and scapular attachments of the supraspinatus muscle.

Ten anatomical preparations and 15 MRI scans (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) performed on healthy subjects were used to define accurately the lateral attachments and anatomical boundaries of the supraspinatus m. Using 5 frozen specimens sectioned in the plane corresponding to the sagittal oblique MRI plane, it was possible to calculate quantitatively the ratio between the bony contours (O) and muscles (M) of the supraspinous fossa. This ratio was maximal (O/M = 2.4) for the section passing through the plane which included the coracoid process anteriorly and the spine of the scapula posteriorly ("Y" section). Five dissections on unembalmed subjects demonstrated that the postero-lateral origin of supraspinatus m. extended further laterally than classically described. This observation was confirmed in the 15 MRI subjects which showed that the supraspinatus m. may arise as far laterally as the "Y" section on MRI in 53% of cases. A quantitative evaluation of atrophy of the supraspinatus m. using MRI is possible with a knowledge of these two parameters.

Microsurgical anatomy of the anterior choroidal artery.

In this study, the authors present the results of 50 dissections of the anterior choroidal a. in man. Fifty cerebral hemispheres were prepared with the classic techniques of preservation and vascular injection. An ectopic origin was observed in 4% of cases. The intracisternal segment of the anterior choroidal a. forms a neurovascular bundle with the optic tract and basal v. Most of its intraparenchymatous branches arise from the cisternal segment, while branches supplying the optic tract, lateral geniculate body and thalamus arise from the intraplexual segment. Constant anastomoses exist with the vertebrobasilar system, specially the postero-lateral choroidal and posterior cerebral aa. We discuss the importance of an adequate knowledge of the anatomy of the anterior choroidal a. and its relations in the surgical approach to arterial aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations of the region.

Cortical bone concentrations of enrofloxacin in dogs.

Cortical bone concentrations of enrofloxacin were determined over time in dogs after SC administration of the drug. Nineteen healthy adult dogs were anesthetized and were given 2.5 or 5.0 mg of enrofloxacin/kg of body weight, SC. Serial serum and bone samples were obtained for determination of enrofloxacin concentrations at intervals until 8 hours after drug administration. Cortical bone samples were procured by surgical disarticulation of successive second phalanges. Additional cortical bone samples were taken from long bones in 4 dogs. Mean +/- SD peak serum enrofloxacin concentration was 0.54 +/- 0.10 micrograms/ml for the 2.5 mg/kg dosage and 0.97 +/- 0.34 micrograms/ml for the 5.0-mg/kg dosage. Serum concentration was significantly higher than bone concentration for each dosage. Mean peak bone concentrations reached 29% of peak serum values: 0.15 +/- 0.09 micrograms/g and 0.29 +/- 0.09 micrograms/g for 2.5-mg/kg and 5.0-mg/kg dosages, respectively. Serum concentration for the 5.0-mg/kg dosage was significantly greater than that for the 2.5-mg/kg dosage for all times, whereas bone concentrations for the 5.0-mg/kg dosage were significantly higher at all times after 180 minutes. For the duration of the study, cortical bone concentrations of enrofloxacin at either dosage exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the Enterobacteriaceae, but reliably exceeded the MIC for Staphylococcus sp only at the 5.0-mg/kg dosage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Ultrasonic assessment of the anatomy and function of the tongue.

The tongue is a complex muscular structure. Apart from its intrinsic strength, it has a major influence on the adjacent bony structures. Real time ultrasound appears to be the method of choice for assessing the topographic and functional anatomy. The examination was performed using an Acuson 128 scanner, with a 5 MHz probe, either a sector scanner (sagittal plane) or linear array probe (coronal plane). The scans were performed using the sub-hyoid approach, between the rami of the mandible. The images were stored on U-matic videotape. Thirty adult patients were included in the study population. The scan protocol consisted of an examination of the tongue at rest, a scan of the swallowing mechanism with and without a liquid bolus and a study of the posterior lingual positions (which show some anatomical variation). The intrinsic muscles of the tongue and the floor of the mouth could be identified on the "at rest" images. The lingual mass is the most important parameter and is opposed against the palate in order to propel a bolus during the swallowing mechanism. The mobility, shape and supporting structures of the tongue are variable depending on the nature of the bolus, the patient and the two imaging planes. Ultrasound is a simple and non-invasive method for the examination of the buccal cavity. The function of the posterior portion of the tongue must be taken into consideration prior to any treatment concerning the oral cavity.

[Congenital intrahepatic arterio-portal fistula: diagnostic and therapeutic aspects]. / Fistule artérioporte intrahépatique congénitale: aspects diagnostiques et thérapeutiques.

The authors report the case of a 4 month old child presenting with a congenital arteriovenous fistula of the left hepatic lobe, revealed by a melaena. Doppler ultrasonography and angiography showed a voluminous vascular malformation fed by a left hepatic artery and fistulized in the portal vein. The therapeutical approach was first palliative, by ligature of the left hepatic artery which proved unsuccessful and resulted in re-permeation of the malformation through a right hepatic artery. Two embolization procedures were then attempted, without success. A left hepatectomy was then performed to remove the malformation. The main event of outcome was the secondary occurrence of a portal cavernoma, with persistent splenic segmentary portal hypertension, and oesophageal varicosity. This case report is the occasion for a literature review on congenital arteriovenous fistulae in the portal region, and for a discussion on therapeutical modalities.

Antenatal diagnosis of abdominothoracic alimentary tract duplication: a case report.

Alimentary tract duplications are rare, linked in their tubular form with a disturbance of organogenesis at the time of the separation of the notochord during the 4th week of gestation. Its division leads to the formation of a supernumerary esophagus, situated in the posterior mediastinum, associated with vertebral malformations and connected at its distal extremity with the alimentary tract. We report a case of esophageal duplication revealed antenatally as an ultrasound image of fluid tonality in the posterior mediastinum, causing a major pleural effusion. The other diagnostic possibilities are discussed in terms of the anatomy, embryogenesis and ultrasonographic appearance of the lesion.

MRI anatomy of the nerves of the upper limb.

In view of the good anatomic definition of the images obtained by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we have defined MRI sections allowing study of the nerves of the upper limb.

The human temporo-mandibular joint: current anatomic and physiologic status.

The aim of this study was to take stock of current anatomic and physiologic knowledge of the human temporo-mandibular joint. Though the lateral pterygoid m. plays an essential role in joint movements, we believe that the small deep portion of the masseter and temporalis have a supplementary action in guiding the articular disc forward. The embryologists have demonstrated joint movements in the two-month embryo and at this stage there already exists a triple attachment of the temporalis, pterygoid and masseter to the disc.

[Prenatal diagnosis of ovarian cysts]. / Les kystes de l'ovaire à diagnostic anténatal.

The authors report 10 cases of ante-natally diagnosed ovarian cysts. Ultrasonography greatly contributed to the diagnosis of this condition rarely described before. These cysts are usually follicular cysts. Physiopathological explanation still remain unclear: excessive fetal gonadotrope activity, enzymatic abnormality of the theca interna, abnormal stimulation by the mother's HCG are the main hypothesis. Ultrasonographic prenatal diagnosis is based on the discovery of an intra-abdominal round liquid area in a female fetus with normal kidneys and bladder. Obstetrical management is very simple: observation and vaginal delivery. After birth, diagnosis is assessed by clinical examination and ultrasonography which may be able to recognize a possible torsion (intracystic fluid septation). Treatment is conditioned by two facts: first these cysts are usually follicular benign lesions, second there is a high risk of complications, mainly torsion or rupture. Non-operative treatment and observation can be justified for very small cysts which have low risk of torsion. Laparotomy confirms the diagnosis: regarding non complicated cysts, surgery must be as conservative as possible: cystectomy is often feasible, leaving a laminated but functional ovary. Percutaneous puncture under ultrasonography could be considered.

Ultrasonographic anatomy and diagnosis of fetal uropathies affecting the upper urinary tract. II. Nonobstructive uropathies.

The authors describe the ultrasonographic anatomy and semiology of allowing detection of the main types of fetal non-obstructive uropathies. The results of the author's personal experience in this domain are compared to data from the literature. Differential features of the uropathies are given and the limitations and practical significance of prenatal and postnatal ultrasonography are discussed.

[Medial and lateral discoid menisci in the same knee. Apropos of a case]. / Aspect discoïde des menisques externe et interne d'un même genou. A propos d'un cas.

To our knowledge, the case of association of discoid lateral and medial menisci in the same knee has not yet been reported. There are several factors which may contribute in the development of discoid meniscus: usually congenital, the types described by SMILLIE and WRISBERG must be distinguished and have not the same prognosis; thus, the discoid meniscus only acquired after birth seems rare.

Ultrasonographic anatomy and diagnosis of fetal uropathies affecting the upper urinary tract. I. Obstructive uropathies.

The authors describe the ultrasonographic anatomy and semiology of allowing detection of the main types of fetal uropathies. The results of the author's personal experience in this domain are compared to data from the literature. Differential features of the uropathies are given and the limitations and practical significance of prenatal and postnatal ultrasonography are discussed.

Ultrasonographic anatomy and physiology of the fetal kidney.

The aim of this work was to demonstrate the impact of ultrasonography in utero to gain a better understanding of the anatomy, growth, anatomical variations and function of the fetal kidney and urinary tract. Three main topics are discussed in this paper based on the authors' personal experience and data from the literature: 1) the technique of ultrasonography in utero, including the main difficulties encountered and limitations of this technique; 2) ultrasonographic study of the morphology, growth and anatomical variations of the fetal kidney. The length of the fetal kidney was found to be the most significant parameter for assessment of its growth. At term, the kidney measures slightly more than 4 cm in length, while the renal pelvis is usually no more than 10 mm thick; 3) current knowledge of the physiology of the fetal urinary apparatus especially the kidney. Excretory function of the kidney begins in the third month of gestation and its main role involves the regulation of the amniotic fluid.

Anatomical relationship between the medial head of the gastrocnemius and the occurrence of a dystrophic bony lacuna.

A bony lesion with identical radiological features was seen in the medial part of the distal femoral metaphysis in five patients who practised cross-country motorcycling. These findings suggested that the cause of the lesions was of muscular origin. The nature and physiopathogenesis of the lesions were studied by roentgenography, computerized tomography and analysis of anatomical specimens. The results of these procedures were compared to observations made peroperatively. The lesion was identified as a specific, dystrophic bony lacuna resulting from the action of the medial head of the gastrocnemius (caput mediale m. gastrocnemii). In certain conditions this powerful biarticular muscle induces multiple microtrauma via traction on the structures of its tendinous insertion, especially the underlying bone, thus leading to bony avulsion. It is shown in this study that the bone-tendon-muscle complex forms a veritable biomechanical unit.